College of Natural Sciences Proceedings

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NATION BUILDING

Ogunmola G B

it is a pleasure to with you on the occassion of your conference and to have the honour oaddressing the public on the very important theme of science and National Development.

LIFE SCIENCES AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

Olorode . O

CHEMITRY AND INDUSTRY IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

G B OGUNMOLA, FAS

A SURVEY OF ANAEMIA A MONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA

O A IDOWU

MICROBIOLOGY AND FOOD HYGIENE IN PUBLIC FOOD SERVICES

M O Edema

A microbiological survey of ready-to-eat food samples using validated methods was performed on 150 samples
from 30 public food premises. The determinants investigated were aerobic and anaerobic colony counts, total
Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp.,
Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. Results indicated that using current guidelines for ready-to-eat
foods, only 13% of samples were satisfactory, 15.6% were acceptable and 71.4% were of unsatisfactory
quality. Unsatisfactory results were due to the presence of high aerobic colony counts, E. coli, total
Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus. There were significant correlations between bacteriological quality and
temperature of storage, food hygiene training and waste product management policies. This study on the
microbiology of ready-to-eat foods suggests that there is need to improve on hygienic practises in public
food service outlets in order to obtain relatively safe products for consumption.

COMPARISON OF RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF CULTURE AND SEROLOGIC~L METHODS IN TYPHOID FEVER DIAGNOSIS IN ABEOKUTA METROPOLIS

Akinyemi K O

Blood and stool samples collected from 106 typhoid-suspected patients of the Federal Medical Centre, Idi-Aba, Abeokuta, Ogun State were assessed for typhoid fever using two common methods: culturing of samples and widal agglutination test (serologic). Malaria parasite, blood and stool cultures of the patients were carried out within a period of six months. Out of the 106 patients, 35.84% were positive for widal agglutination test using I: e"160 as the cut-off I base-line antibody titre. 33.96.0% was recorded for malaria. Blood culture revealed 1.88% bacteria pathogens in the widal positive patients out of which 0.94% isolate was of Enterobacter sp., and 0.94% was of Klebsiella sp., while the stool culture revealed 9.43% bacterial pathogens out of which
5.60% was Salmonella typhi, 1.88 % was SalmoneLlaparatyphi and 1.88% was Escherichia coli. However
54.7% patients were on self- medicated antibiotic therapy before the tests were carried out, hence the 0% typhoidal bacillus in the blood culture. Other infectious agents such as bacterial, viral and even protozoan may mimic enteric fever. Consequently, this study further revealed that culture of stool, blood and urine samples of patients and others like bone marrow may be far superior to widal agglutination test for typhoid fever.

THE STATE OF INFORMATION SECURITY IN SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIAN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Sodiya A S

ABSTRACT
Information security is now a critical issue in academic and business communities today.This paper addresses
the issue of information security and the state of information security as it affects academic research activities
in eight government universities in South Western Nigeria. A sample of 336 respondents (response rate =
100%)was taken among all levels of academic staff in the targeted institutions. The results from the analysis of
data gathered through the use of questionnaire showed a poor state of information security in institutions. The
work was concluded while stating what to be done to improve the situation and meet the future challenges in
information security.

PROBLEMS OF ARMILLARIA ROOT AND BUTT ROT IN TROPICAL AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIAN FORESTS.

Popoola T O

Armillaria root and butt infections of plants have been the cause of substantial economic losses in a number
of cash crops and other plants of horticultural importance throughout the African continent. As in most tropicalcountries, research into problems resultingfromArmillaria infectionshas gone through an evolutionary
process. This paper examines the various developments that have taken place and recent contributions aimed at solving problems resulting from themenace of Armillaria on economic crops in tropical Africa. The result
of a field study carried out in Nigeria forests to ascertain the current situation of Armillaria is also presented and discussed.

-,SYMPTOTIC EFFECTS OF THE MAHALANOBIS DISTANCE ON THE LINEAR ,. CLASSIFICATION FUNCTION

Atinuke O Adebanji

The performance of the Linear Classification Function has been investigated in previous works. We use a Monte Carlo study to investigate the asymptotic effect of the Mahalanobis distance (1:12) when observa tions are from multivariate normal populations. Results show that increasing the sample size does not trans late into improved performance of the function once an optimal size is exceeded for all values of 8 ( ) and the total error rate displays after this value. There is a reduction in variation (as expected) and the error rates approach the value of the standard deviation after d=5, and overlapping at d=7.

ANALYSING THE YIELD PERFORMANCE OF SOME COWPEA BREEDING LINES EVALUATED FOR RESISTANCE TO MARUCA POD BORERS IN NIGERIA

Agwuegbo S O

This study strived to analyse the performance of some cowpea varieties, which combine resistance to Maruca pod borers with good yield. These varieties have shown some levels of resistance to Maruca pod borers
without insecticide protection in Nigeria. However, their performance differs among locations consequent upon differential insect pressure. The method of analysis embraced two factor factorial experiments, the two
factors being locations and insect pressure as reflected in the yield of the cowpea lines. Each of the factors has two levels which are spray and no spray and the factors were considered simultaneously. The analysis
was based on testing whether there is a significant effect due to either factor, and if any effect of the first factor is dependent on the second (the interaction). The result of the analysis indicated that differences between location and insect pressure significantly affected the performance of the cowpea varieties. The location insect pressure interaction is insignificant at 5% level. The analysis of various models confirm that effects of the different factors (rows, columns, or treatments) are additive and that the residual errors are normally and
independently distributed with the same variance.

EFFECT OF DIAZINON APPLICATION ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND SOIL MICRO FLORA

Shittu O. B.

Rhizosphere (Rh) and Subsurface (Ss) soil samples were treated with diazinon for 30 days in the laboratory to determine the effect of the chemical on the soil physico-chemical properties and microbial populations. The pH, organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus of both rhizosphere and subsurface soil increased from the 10th day to 30th day of treatment with a highest increment of 10- fold recorded in Phosphorus parameter of Subsurface soil sample and 6- fold increment in organic carbon content of Subsurface all at 20th day of diazinon treatment. There was an initial rise in bacterial population in the two treated soil samples thereafter a decline, while fungi population decreased with days of diazinon application.Marked reductions in microbial load were recorded in the treated soils as compared to control soil samples. Ten bacterial isolates and five fungal species were identified in the control rhizosphere soil, while in the treated rhizosphere soil only eight bacterial isolates representing 60% and two fungal species representing 40% survived diazinon treatment.
Also six bacterial isolates and five fungal species were identified in the control Subsurface soil samples, while in the treated Subsurface soil sample only four bacterial isolates representing 60% and two fungal species representing 40% survived the diazinon treatment. In Rh &Ss, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp., and Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Rhizobium sp., and Nitrobacter sp. isolated in all the control soil samples were inhibited in all the treated Rh and Ss soil samples.

EFFECT OF STARVATION ON SOME ASPECTS OF PHYSIOLOGY OF Zonocerus variegatus

Ademolu K O

The effect of starvation on the body weight, fat body, reproductive structures as well as proximate and chemical composition of adults and instars of Zonocerus variegatus was investigated. All the insects starved recorded weight loss, however insects starved for 24 hours recorded highest weight loss while those starved for 6 hours recorded the least. However stage of development had no significant (P<O.05) effect on weight loss. There was a sort of fluctuations in the fat body scores of the insects starved. Male
and Female insects starved for 18 hours had the highest fat body scores while male and female insects starved for 6 and 12 hours respectively recorded the least fat body. Starvation for the different hours 6, 12,
18 and 24 hours did not affect proximate composition and the mineral content of Zonocerus variegatus.

LARVICIDAL EFFICACY OF MONODORA MYRSITICA ON LABORATORY RED THIRD INSTAR LARVAE OF THE YELLOW FEVER MOSQUITO AEDES AEGYPTI (L).

AMUSAN A A

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness ofMonodora myristica in controlling the 3rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Monodora myistica significantly reduced the populations of Aedes aegypti larvae (P<0.05). Application ofMonodora myristica hexanolic extract at 200ppmgave 70%mortalitywithin 1 hour of application and 100%mortalitywithin 24 hours of test period. There was a great reduction in potency of the extract when exposed to sunlight and U.V radiations.

ON n-WEEAKLY AMENABLE BANACH ALGEBRA

MEWOMO O T.

It is shown that if a Banach algebra A is a left ideal in its second dual algebra and has a left bounded approximate identity, then the 2-weak amenability of A implies the (2m+2)-weak amenability of A for all m ~ 1. In particular, A is 4-weakly amenable.

NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTI POND SNAIL (Lymnaea stagnalis)

YUSUF A. A.

The proximate composition, toxic substances, functional properties, and mineral elements of both the shell and meat of fresh Lymnaea stagnalis were determined. The moisture contents ofthe sample were 38.62g/
l00g; and 30.06g/1 OOgDM for both the shell and the meat respectively. Crude protein for the meat was 25.60g/100g DM while that of shell was not detectable (ND), the crude fat, and ash content for both the meat and the shell sample were 2.75g/100g DM, 0.95g/100g DM,3.41g/100g DM and 52.41g/100g DM respectively. Emulsion and absorption capacity were 6mVg for the meat and 0.20mVg for the shell, the oil absorption capacity of 10% was also determined for the shell and the meat. Mineral element composition determination showed that Lymnaea stagnalis meat is richer in sodium and potassium than the shell while the shell is richer in Calcium, Nickel, Magnesium, Cadmium, Iron, Copper, and Lead than the meat. Total oxalate was 420mg/l00g DM for the meat and 35Omg/l00g DM for the shell; hydrocyanic acid was 180mg/200g DM for the meat and 121mg/l00g DM for the shell; while tannic acid was 520mg/l00gDM for the meat 48Omg/l OOgDM for the shell.

POTENTIAL OF Calotropis procera LEAVES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT

SHITTU B. O.

Waste water samples from cassava, domestic and textile effluent were treated with leaves of Calotropis procera using percolation and dropping methods. Treatment did not significantly reduce colour and taste of
treated water, but significant reduction (p < 0.05) was observed in turbidity. Treatment also significantly reduced total viable count of waste water by between 31.25 and 100% depending on the method of treatment.
Population of coliforms and non-coliforms present in treated water samples also dropped significantly. Although both methods of treatment were effective for treatment of waste water with Calotropis procera, the dropping
method was more effective in reducing microbial population in waste water.

THE TOXICITY OF HEXANOLIC EXTRACT OF XYLOPIA AETHIOP]CA TO LABORATORY REARED LARVAE OF CX. P. QUIUEFASCIATUS.

AMUSAN A. A.

The hexanolic extract ofXylopia aethiopica (Ethiopean pepper) was tested for acute toxicity on the larva of Culex p. quiquefasciatus reared in the laboratory of the Department of Biological Sciences University of
Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria. Five concentrations: (5Oppm, lOOppm, 2000ppm, 300ppm and 400ppm) were evaluated for acute toxicity on the larvae and total percentage mortalities recorded at intervals of I, 12,24,48 and 96 hours in each test. Effects of sunlight and ultra violet radiation on stability of the extract's potency at 2,4, and 8 hours respectively were equally examined. The mean lethal concentration LC50 was 257ppm.
Toxicity of Xylopia aethiopica on Culex p. quiquefasciatus larvae was gradual and persisted throughout the test period. Sunlight exposure has no significant effect on the potency of Xylopia oil while ultra-violet
radiation activated the larvicidal properties.

THE TOXICITY OF HEXANOLIC EXTRACT OF XYLOPIA AETHIOP]CA TO LABORATORY REARED LARVAE OF CX. P. QUIUEFASCIATUS.

AKINTOKUN A. K.

Crude extracts of Aloe Vera in ethanol and chloroform as well as its local products were tested for antimicrobial activity against eleven microbial clinical isolates. The isolates consisted of six bacteria and five fungi. The crude extracts were obtained by decoction. Agar cup diffusion method was the main susceptibility test while agar- dilution technique was employed in respect of the local liquid product. Staph. aureus, Staph. a/bus and
Sa/. paratyphi showed varying levels of growth inhibition by the ethanolic extract while the chloroform extract showed activity on Sa/. typhi and Sa/. paratyphi .Ofthe two local products of Aloe Vera, the Band B soap was
active on Staph. a/bus and Staph. aureus while the liquid product showed varying levels of activity on all the bacterial isolates as evident in the countable colonies relative to carpeted growth where there was no activity.

PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION AMONG STUDENTS IN A NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY

OJO D. A.

The prevalence of urinary infectionwas assessed among students in the hostels of theUniversity ofAgriculture inAbeokuta, Ogun State, SouthWesternNigeria. One hundred and thirty-four urine samples were collected, assayed microbiologically. Sensitivity tests were also carried out on the isolates. The overall prevalence of urinary tract infection was 47%. Females (34.3%) were significantly (p=O.OOOI) more infected than males
(12.7%) (P <0.00001). There was no significant difference between the age groups and urinary tract infection (P = 0.333) although half of students in age groups 15 - 20 years and 21- 25 years were infected. Escherichia
coli occurred most frequently followed by Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Most of the isolates were sensitive toAmpicillin, Gentamicin, Nitrofurantoin and Ofloxacin.