Total and Exchangeable Metals in Groundwater of Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria
Keywords:
Groundwater, heavy metals, ion-exchange chromatography, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Abstract
The groundwater samples of Ile-Ife obtained from ten different locations were analysed for their total and exchangeable heavy metals in order to determine their potability status. Water samples collected for two months were analyzed for pH, conductivity, temperature, total and exchangeable heavy metal values using standard methods. The ion exchange chromatographic extraction of the exchangeable metals was carried out with anionic trimethylhyroxyammonium resin. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer analysis for total and exchangeable Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Mn was performed. The mean pH, conductivity and temperature values, measured insitu, were 6.0 ± 0.5, 340 ± 244 µS/cm and 27.5 ± 0.3oC respectively. Total mean levels (µg/mL) of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Mn were 8.275 ± 0.912, 0.179 ± 0.041, 31.858 ± 3.635, 0.090 ± 0.010 and 76.789 ± 12.889 respectively while 1.484 ± 0.228, 0.040 ± 0.008, 5.911 ± 1.002, 0.017 ± 0.003 and 20.151 ± 5.845 (µg/mL) were detected as the respective mean values (µg/mL) of the exchangeable metal fraction in the samples. Comparing the levels of heavy metals in the samples to the WHO provision for drinking water, the groundwater was capable of constituting serious health hazards.References
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Andrew PB and Michael JF, 2000. Trace Element Analysis of Iron, Copper and Zinc in Skin. Dept of Radiography, City University, Rutland Place, Charter House Square, London, ECIM6PA, U.K.
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Boeckx RL, 1986. Lead Poisoning in Children. Anal. Chem. 58: 274-284.
Bryce-Smith D, 1975. Heavy Metals as Contaminants of the Human Environment, Chem. Soc.Chem. Cassettes Roles.
Cartledge B, 1992. Monitoring the environment. Oxford University Press, 216 pp.
Christain GD, 2004. Analytical Chemistry. 6th Ed. John Wiley and Son (Asia) Pte Ltd, Singapore.
Department of the Environment, 1972. Analysis of raw, Portable and Waste Waters. London. 305 pp.
Doisy EA, 1973. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health – V.I.D. Hemphill (Ed) pp. 193-1999, University of Missouri Press, Columbia.
DWAF, 1998. Water Laws Implementation Process, A Strategic Plan for the Department of
Water Affairs and Forestry to facilitate the Implementation of Catchments Management
in South Africa. WRC report NO. KV107/98, Pretoria.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2010. Earth Science. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Egborge AMB, 1994. Salinity and the distribution of rotifers in the Lagos Harbour-Badagry Creek system, Nigeria. Hydrobiologia, 272:95-104.
Fatoki OS, Luyizan O, Ogunfowokan AO, 2002. Trace Metal Pollution in Umata River. Water S.A., 28: 183-189.
Fried JJ, 1991. Nitrates and their control in the EEC aquatic environment. In: Borgadi I. and
Kuzeika D. (eds). Nitrate Contamination: Exposure Sciences, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.55-63.
Fullmer CS, 1992. Intestinal Interactions of Lead and Calcium. Neurotoxicology 13:799-808.
Goyer RA, 1996. Results of Lead Research: Pre-natal Exposure and Neurological Consequences, Environ. Health Perspectives 104:1050-1054.
Goyer RA, Clarkson TW, 2001. Toxic Effects of Metals. In: Klaassen CD (Ed) Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division.
Grandjean P, Nielson T. 1979. Organolead Compounds: Environmental Health Aspects. Residual Revs. 72:97-148.
Heinrich U, 1988. Carcinogenicity of Cadmium-Overview of Experimental and Epidemiological Results and their Influence on Recommendations for maximum concentrations in the Occupational Area. In: Hatzinger O, Safe SH (eds.) Environmental Toxins, Vol. 2, Springer, 13-15.
Herbert FRM, Verschoor MA, Mibowo AAE, 1988. A Review of Kinetics and Kidney Effects of Cadmium-Recent Epidemiological Studies. In: Hutzunger O, Safe SH (eds.) Environmental Toxins, Vol.2, Springer, 115-133.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/2941492.stm retrieved 17th February, 2009.
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/freshwatersupply/freshwater.html retrieved 17th February, 2009.
Hurley LS, 1976. In: Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, Vol. II. Essential and Toxic Elements, Prasad AS (ed), Academic Press, New York, pp. 301-314.
Ibe KM, Duruike PU, 2005. Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and surface water: A case study of Isiala Mbano, Southeastern Nigeria. World Journal of Biotechnology 2: 278-286.
Jameson S, 1976. Effects of Zinc Deficiency in Human Reproduction. Acta. Med. Scan. Suppl. 593:81-89.
Johnson MA, Kays SE, 1993. Copper In: Macrae R, Robinson RK, Sadler KJ (eds.) Encyclopedia of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, 2: 1237-1247.
Keen CL, Ziderberg-Cherr S, 1996. Manganese. In: Ziegler EE and Filler LJ Jr (Eds) Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Washington, D.C. pp. 334-343.
Kjellstroem T. 1986, Itai-itai Disease In: Friberg L, Elinder CG, Kjellstroem T, Nordberg GF (eds.) Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, Vol. II, CRC Press, Boca Eaton, Florida, 257-290.
Kundel J, 2008. “Water profile in Nigeria” In encyclopaedia of earth, National Council for science and the environment. Washington DC.
http://www.eoearth.org/article/water_profile_of_Nigeria
Lanphear BP, Dietrich K, Auinger P, Cox C, 2000. Cognitive Deficits Associated with Blood Lead <10 µg/dL in US Children and Adolescents. Public Health Rep. 115: 521-529.
Lee JD, 2005. Concise Inorganic Chemistry. 5th Ed. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford.
Mackean DG, Jones BM, 1983. Certificate Health Science for West Africa. John Murray Publishers Ltd, London.
Matthew P, 1996. Advanced Chemistry. Low price edition, Cambridge University Press, UK.
Michael FL Standford J, 2003. Epidemiological Investigation, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Centre and National Cancer Institute, Bethseda.
Needleman HL, 1989. The Persistent Threat of Lead: A Singular Opportunity. Am J. Public Health 79: 643-645.
Nordberg G, 1972. Cadmium Metabolism and Toxicity. Environ. Physiol. 2: 7-36.
Nordberg GF, 1988. Current Concepts in the Assessment of Effects of Metals in Chronic Low Level Exposures: Consideration of Experimental and Epidemiological Evidence. Sci. Total Environ. 71: 243-252.
Nsi EW, Ogori BO, 2005. A survey of water quality in some areas of Makurdi. International Journal of Science and Technology 2: 7-11.
Oluyemi EA, Adekunle AS, Adenuga AA, Makinde WO, 2010 Physico-chemical properties and heavy metal content of water sources in Ife North Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 4: 691-697.
Oyeku OT, Eludoyin AO, 2010. Heavy metal contamination of groundwater resources in Nigerian urban settlements. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 4: 201-214.
Piotrowski JK, Coleman DO, 1980. Environmental Hazards of Heavy Metals: Summary Evaluation of Lead, Cadmium and Mercury, MARC Report No. 20.
Piscator M, 1986. The Dependence of Toxic Reactions on the Chemical Species of the Elements. In: Bernhard M, Brinkman FE, Sadler PJ (eds). The Importance of Chemical Speciation in Environmental Processes, Dahlem Konferenzen, Springer Verlag, 59-70.
Rabinowitz M, 1988. Lead and Pregnancy, Birth 15:236-241.
Robert Carpenter. 2008. Editor’s log: Underground Construction Magazine 63: 2. Oildom Publishing Co, Tx, USA.
Rosegrant MW, Cai X, Cline SA, 2002. “World Water and Food to 2025: Dealing with Scarcity”, IFPRI Brief, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
Schantz S, Widholm JJ, 2001. Cognitive Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Animals. Environ. Health Prospect. 109:1197-1206.
SON, 2007. Standard Organization of Nigeria, Nigerian Standard for drinking water quality, pp. 15-16.
Tebbutt THY, 1992. Principles of water quality control. 4th Edition, Pergamon press, Oxford.
Tokalioğlu Ş, Kartal Ş, Elçi L, 2000. Speciation and determination of heavy metals in lake waters by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after sorption on Amberlite XAD-16 Resin. Analytical Sciences, 16: 1169-1174.
Underwood EJ, 1977. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, Academic Press, New York.
Water Affairs and Forestry to facilitate the Implementation of Catchments Management in South Africa. WRC report NO. KV107/98 Pretoria.
WHO, 2008. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Vol 1, Recommendations. 3rd ed. Geneva.
Wordstron JW, 1982. Trace Element Nutrition in the Elderly. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 36:788-795.
Wu T, Germaine MB, Menddola P, 2003. Blood Lead Levels and Sexual Maturation in U.S. Girls: The 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Environ. Health Prospect. 111:737-741 ( www.lenntech.com/ heavy-metals.htm).
