Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Lower Coastal Plain Sand Aquifer for Varied Uses
Keywords:
Assessment, Groundwater quality, Lower Coastal Plain Sand, Water uses
Abstract
The study assessed the water quality of lower coastal plain sand (LCPS) aquifers for varied uses. 44 samples were collected from hand dug wells. pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, carbonates and sulfate were determined using standard methods. Result shows that about 95.4% of the measured EC accounts for low enrichment of salts while 2.3% accounts for both medium and high enrichment of salts. The TDS values show that about 95.5% of the samples are fresh water while 4.5% are brackish. Factor Analysis extracted four factors and explained 91.71 % of total variance. The RSC value shows that about 18.2%, 13.6% and 15.9% of the samples represent suitable, marginal and unsuitable water, respectively, for irrigation purpose. Furthermore, computed MR values indicate that about 75% of the samples are suitable while the remaining 25% are not suitable for irrigation purpose. PI values also show that 63.6% of the samples are not suitable for irrigation while 34.1% and 2.3% are marginally suitable and suitable, respectively. For industrial water uses, 6.8% of the samples exceed the prescribed WHO HCO3 limit while 2.3% and 11.4% exceed the SO4 and TH limits, respectively. 93.2% of the samples exceed the prescribed pH limits, while TDS and Cl exceed the standard limit in about 4.5% and 2.3% of the samples, respectively. The WQI ranged between 21.59 to 550.97mg/L with about 31.8% representing excellent water quality while 50%, 15.9% and 2.3% indicate good, poor and water unfit for drinking purposes, respectively. The paper recommends adequate protection and thorough treatment of the water for human consumption.
References
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Anita, J and Gita, S. (2011). Hydrochemical profile for assessing the groundwater quality of Sambhar lake city
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Deepulal, P. M., Kumar, T. R.G., Sujatha , C. H.and Rejomon, G (2011) Chemometric study on the trace metal accumulation in the sediments of the Cochin Estuary―Southwest coast of India.Environ Monit Assess pp.1-19DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2418-7
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Kim, J.H., Kim, R.H., Lee, J., Cheong, T.T., Yum, B.W and Chang, N.W (2005). Multivariate statistical analysis to identify the major factors governing ground water quality in the coastal area of Kimje, South Korea. Hydrol. Processes, 19: 1261-1276.
Kumar, C. P., Chachadi, A. G., Purandara, B. K., Kumar,S and Juyal, R (2007), "Modelling of Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Area of North Goa", Water Digest, 2(3),80-83.
Kumar, T. J.R., Balasubramanian, A., Kumar,R. S and Manokaran, K(2009)Assessment of Groundwater Quality Status in Hard Rock Terrain of Chittar Sub-Basin of Tambaraparani River, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. IUP Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2009, Pp.49-64.
Longe, E.O., Malomo, S.and. Olorunniwo, M.A (1987) Hydrogeology of Lagos metropolis. J. Afr. Earth Sci.,6,(3), 163-179.
Longe, E.O (2011). Groundwater Resources Potential in the Coastal Plain Sands Aquifers,Lagos, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 3,(1):,1-7.
Maria, L.C., Eduardo de ,A.C., Aníbal da, F.S.,Rodrigo de, A.C and Marcos, D. F. M (2011) Evaluation of the Influence of Natural and Antrhopogenic Processes on Water Quality in Karstic Region.Water Air Soil Pollut.,pp.1-12. DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1012-5.
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Mukherjee, S., Kumar, B.A and Körtvélyessy, L (2005) Assessment of groundwater quality in the south 24-Parganas, west Bengal coast, India. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 13(15)1-8.
National Population Census (2006) Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette Legal Notice on Publication of the details of breakdown of the National and State Provisional Totals.
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) (2003): Groundwater Quality: Nigeria. British GeologicalSurvey. Availableat:http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/nigeriaground waterweb.pdf.13/Accessed October 13th, 2010.
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Richard, A. J., & Dean, W. W. (2002). Applied multivariate statistical analysis. London: Prentice-Hall.
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Suheyla, Y (2010): Water Quality Assessment of Porsuk River, Turkey, E-J.of Chemistry, 7(2), 593-599.
Szaboles, I., & Darab, C. (1964). The influence of irrigation water of high sodium carbonate content of soils. In Proceedings of 8th international congress of ISSS, Trans, II (pp. 803–812).
Thyne, G., Gu¨ler, C and Poeter, E. (2004). Sequential analysis of hydro-chemical data for watershed characterization. GroundWater 42, (5), 711–723.
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Vrba, J. (2003). The impact of aquifer intensive use on groundwater quality. In R. Llamas & E. Custodio (Eds.), Intensive use of groundwater. Challenges and opportunities (pp. 113–132). Lisse: Balkema.
WHO (1999) Guidelines for drinking water quality,Int. Health criteria and other supporting information.2nd Edn.,World Health Organization Geneva,2:195-201.
Yuan, D and Yong, P (2009) Contaminant transport in coastal aquifers. Final report submitted to New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Science, Research and Technology Trenton, New Jersey, Contract Number SR02-035, pp.308.
Adepelumi, A.A (2008). Delineation of Saltwater intrusion into the freshwater aquifer of Lekki Peninsula, Lagos, Nigeria.The 3rd Inter. Conf. on Water Resources and Arid
Aiman, A. L and Mohamed, El Kashouty (2010) Groundwater investigation in Awlad Salameh, Southern Sohag, upper Egypt .Earth Sci. Res. J. 14, (1) Pp. 63-75
Alvin, C. R. (2002). Methods of multivariate analysis. New York: Wiley
American Public Health Association (1998). American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation (1998). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater (20th ed.)(APHA) New York, USA.
Anita, J and Gita, S. (2011). Hydrochemical profile for assessing the groundwater quality of Sambhar lake city
and its adjoining area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 174, 547–554.
Barlow, Paul M (2003) Ground water in fresh water-salt water environments of the Atlantic Coast. U.S. Geological Survey circular , 1262Pp.1-121.
Bear, J., Cheng, A.H.D., Sorek, S., Quazar, D and Herrera, I (1999).Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifer-Concepts, Methods and Practices in Theory and Application of Transport in Porous Media.Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Brown, R. M, McClelland, N. I, Deininger, R. A.and Tozer, R. G. (1970): A Water Quality Index—Do We Dare? Wat. Sewage Wks., 339-343
Carroll, D (1962): Rainwater as a chemical agent of geological processes-A review of U.S Geological survey Water-Supply paper 1535-G.p.18.
Chow, V. T. (1964). Handbook of applied hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1453 p.
Coode Blizard Ltd., Akute Geo-Resource Ltd and Rofe Kennard & Lapworth (1997): Hydrogeological Investigation of Lagos State. Final Report, Vol I & II, submitted to Lagos State Water Corporation.
Deepulal, P. M., Kumar, T. R.G., Sujatha , C. H.and Rejomon, G (2011) Chemometric study on the trace metal accumulation in the sediments of the Cochin Estuary―Southwest coast of India.Environ Monit Assess pp.1-19DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2418-7
Doneen, L. D. (1964).Notes on water quality in agri1culture. Water Science and Engineering Paper 4001,California, Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, University of California.
Emmanuel, B. E. and Chukwu, L. O. (2010) Spatial distribution of saline water and possible sources of intrusion into a tropical freshwater lagoon and the transitional effects on the lacustrine ichthyofaunal diversity. African J. of Environ Sci and Tech 4(7), pp.480-491.
Esteller, M. V. &. Rodríguez, R ,Cardona, A. & Padilla-Sánche , L. ( 2011).Evaluation of hydrochemical changes due to intensive aquifer exploitation: case studies from Mexico. Environ Monit Assess DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2376-0,
Federal Environmental Protection Agency (1997) Large Marine Ecosystem Project for the Gulf of Guinea: Coastal Profile of Nigeria.Ceda Center for Environment and Development in Africa.Pp.87
Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) (2007).Organization and Activities. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Available at. http://aochycos.ird.ne/HTMLF/PARTNAT/FEDWATER/INDEX.HTM accessed 28th February, 2008
Ghassemi, F., Jakeman, A.J and Nix, H.A. (1995). Salinization of land and water resources: Human causes, extent, management and case studies.UNSW Press, Sydney, Australia, and CAB International, Wallingford, UK..
Ghrefat, H and Yusuf, N. (2006) Assessing Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cd pollution in bottom sediments of Wadi Al-Arab Dam, Jordan. Chemosphere, 64, Pp.2114–2121.
Hanh, P.T.T and Furukawa, M (2007) Impact of sea level rise on coastal zone of Vietnam. Bull. Fac. Sci. Un
Heath, R.C. (1964). Seasonal Temperature Fluctuation in Surficial Sand near Albany,New York,U.S Geological Survey Professional paper 475-D, pp.204-208.iv. Ryukyus (84): 45-59.
Helena, B., Pardo, R. Vega, M. Barrado, E. Fernandez, J.M. and Fernandez, L ( 2000): Temporal evolution of ground water compositional in an alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga River, Spain) by principal component analysis. Water Research 34, (3), 807–816. doi:10.1016/S0043- 1354(99)00225-0.
Hem, J.D. (1991). Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. 2254, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India, 263 p.
Johnson, E. E. (1983). Groundwater and wells. First Indian edition, Jain Brothers, Udaipur, India, 440 p.
Manikandan,K., Kannan, P., and Sankar,M (2012).Evaluation and Management of Groundwater in Coastal Regions. Earth Science India, 5(I), pp.1-11. http://www.earthscienceindia.info/
Karanth, K.R (1987) Groundwater assessment, development and management. Tata McGraw-Hill publishing Comp.Ltd, New Delhi, pp.716.
Kim, J.H., Kim, R.H., Lee, J., Cheong, T.T., Yum, B.W and Chang, N.W (2005). Multivariate statistical analysis to identify the major factors governing ground water quality in the coastal area of Kimje, South Korea. Hydrol. Processes, 19: 1261-1276.
Kumar, C. P., Chachadi, A. G., Purandara, B. K., Kumar,S and Juyal, R (2007), "Modelling of Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Area of North Goa", Water Digest, 2(3),80-83.
Kumar, T. J.R., Balasubramanian, A., Kumar,R. S and Manokaran, K(2009)Assessment of Groundwater Quality Status in Hard Rock Terrain of Chittar Sub-Basin of Tambaraparani River, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. IUP Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2009, Pp.49-64.
Longe, E.O., Malomo, S.and. Olorunniwo, M.A (1987) Hydrogeology of Lagos metropolis. J. Afr. Earth Sci.,6,(3), 163-179.
Longe, E.O (2011). Groundwater Resources Potential in the Coastal Plain Sands Aquifers,Lagos, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 3,(1):,1-7.
Maria, L.C., Eduardo de ,A.C., Aníbal da, F.S.,Rodrigo de, A.C and Marcos, D. F. M (2011) Evaluation of the Influence of Natural and Antrhopogenic Processes on Water Quality in Karstic Region.Water Air Soil Pollut.,pp.1-12. DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1012-5.
Morris, B.L., Lawrence, A.R., Chilton, P.J, Adams, B, Calow, R and Klinck, B.A. (2003) Groundwater and its susceptibility to degradation: a global assessment of the problem and options for management, Early Warning and Assessment Report Series, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, Report RS 03-3: 126 p.
Mukherjee, S., Kumar, B.A and Körtvélyessy, L (2005) Assessment of groundwater quality in the south 24-Parganas, west Bengal coast, India. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 13(15)1-8.
National Population Census (2006) Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette Legal Notice on Publication of the details of breakdown of the National and State Provisional Totals.
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) (2003): Groundwater Quality: Nigeria. British GeologicalSurvey. Availableat:http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/nigeriaground waterweb.pdf.13/Accessed October 13th, 2010.
Oteri, A. U., Atolagbe, F.P (2003): Saltwater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers in Nigeria, The Second International Conference on Saltwater Intrusion and Coastal Aquifers — Monitoring, Modeling, and Management. Mérida, Yucatán, México. Environments and the 1st Arab Water Forum, 1-15.
Rao, N. Subba ., Rao, P. Surya., Reddy, G. Venktram., Nagamani, M., Vidyasagar, G., Satyanarayana, N. L. V. V (2011) Chemical characteristics of groundwater and assessment of groundwater quality in Varaha River Basin, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2333-y.
Richard, A. J., & Dean, W. W. (2002). Applied multivariate statistical analysis. London: Prentice-Hall.
Sahu, P., Sikdar, P.K (2008) Hydrochemical framework of the aquifer in and around East Kolkata wetlands, West Bengal. India Environ Geol 55:823–835.
Shrestha, S and Kazama, F (2007) Environmental Modeling & Software, .22, 464-475. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.02.001.
Srinivasamoorthy, K., Chidambaram, S., Sarma, V.S., Vasanthavigar, M., Vijayaraghavan, K.., Rajivgandhi, R., Anandhan , P and Manivannan, R (2009). Hydrogeochemical Characterisation of Groundwater in Salem District of Tamilnadu, India. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 1(2): 22-33.
Stephen, C.S., and P.B. Brian. 2005. Predicting streamflow regime metrics for ungauged in Colorado, Washington, and Oregon. J. Hydrol. 325:241-261.
Suheyla, Y (2010): Water Quality Assessment of Porsuk River, Turkey, E-J.of Chemistry, 7(2), 593-599.
Szaboles, I., & Darab, C. (1964). The influence of irrigation water of high sodium carbonate content of soils. In Proceedings of 8th international congress of ISSS, Trans, II (pp. 803–812).
Thyne, G., Gu¨ler, C and Poeter, E. (2004). Sequential analysis of hydro-chemical data for watershed characterization. GroundWater 42, (5), 711–723.
Todd, D.K and Mays, L.W (2005): Groundwater Hydrology, 3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc.Pp.652.
United State Geological Survey (USGS) (2000) Ground-water resources for the future. USGS Fact Sheet 085–00 September 2000.
Vrba, J. (2003). The impact of aquifer intensive use on groundwater quality. In R. Llamas & E. Custodio (Eds.), Intensive use of groundwater. Challenges and opportunities (pp. 113–132). Lisse: Balkema.
WHO (1999) Guidelines for drinking water quality,Int. Health criteria and other supporting information.2nd Edn.,World Health Organization Geneva,2:195-201.
Yuan, D and Yong, P (2009) Contaminant transport in coastal aquifers. Final report submitted to New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Science, Research and Technology Trenton, New Jersey, Contract Number SR02-035, pp.308.
