KEY ISSUES IN LIVELIHOODS SECURITY OF MIGRANT FULANI PASTORALISTS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
Keywords:
Fulani, Grazing, Livelihoods, Migrants, Pastoralists, Security, Southwest Nigeria, Yoruba
Abstract
The study presents empirical evidence on issues related to the security of pastoralists’ livelihoods in southwest Nigeria, with an understanding that their migrant status will affect secured access to basic natural resources required for survival of their herds and as well livelihoods sustenance. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from 120 Fulani pastoralists from three States (Ogun, Oyo and Ekiti) on livelihoods, perceived sources of vulnerability and indicators of livelihood security. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in the Fulanis settlements using a semi-structured checklist while quantitative data were collected using interview guide. The assessment of livelihoods assets’ security was based on Macqueen’s asset enumeration method. The asset assessment shows that Fulanis have unsecured livelihoods due to unsecured access to grazing resources. A scoring of identified indicators shows that peaceful coexistence with Yoruba host communities (z = 1.7) and collective action (z = 0.6) have higher probability of being selected as livelihood security indicators. Poor access to land for grazing and water inadequacy were perceived as major sources of livelihood vulnerability. Reduction of Fulanis’ vulnerability through secured rights on land, enhancement in the efficiency of existing livelihoods, improvement in livelihoods asset are imperative for livelihoods security.
References
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Sandford S., Habtu Y. 2000. “On Emergency Response Interventions in Pastoral Areas of Ethiopia: Report of the Pastoral Appraisal Team”. DFID Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Sodiya, C. I. 2005. Assessment of Agricultural Extension Service Availability and Needs in Agropastoral Production Systems of Ogun State, Nigeria, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
Swift, J.J. 2004. The Global Drylands Imperative: Pastoralism and Mobility in the Drylands. UNDP Drylands Development Centre, Nairobi
Thebaud, B., Battebury, S. 2001. Sahel pastoralists: opportunism, struggle, conflict and negotiation: A case study from eastern Niger. Global Environmental Change, 11(1)
Tonah, S. 2001. Fulani Pastoral Migration, Sedentary Farmers and Conflict in the Middle Belt of Ghana. Paper Presented to the National Conference on Livelihood and Migration, ISSER, University of Ghana, Legion.
Tonah, S. 2002. Migrant Fulani Herdsmen, Indigenous farmers and the contest for land in Northern Ghana. Paper submitted to the Biennial conference of the African Studies Association in Germany (VAD), held in Hamburg, May 23 – 26, 2002.
Water-Bayers A., Bayers W. 1995. Planning with pastoralists, German Agency for
Technical Cooperation, GTZ, Gottingen
Aquino, K., Byron, K. 2002. “Dominating inter personal behaviour and perceived victimization in groups. Evidence for a curvilinear relationship in groups” Journal of Management, 28(1): 69-87
Blench, R. 1994. The Expansion and Adaptation of Fulbe Pastoralism to Sub-humid and Humid Conditions in Nigeria. Cahiers d`Etudes Africaines, XXXIV(1-3):197-213.
Blench, R. 1999. Traditional livestock breeds: geographical distribution and dynamics in relation to the ecology of Nigeria. ODI Working Paper 122. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Blench, R. 2001. Pastoralism in the new millennium. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome
Bourbouze, A. 1999. Gestion de la mobilité et résistance des organisations pastorals des éleveurs du Haut Atlas marocaine face aux transformations du contexte pastoral maghrébin. In: Niamir-Fuller, 1999. ITP
Bruijn de, M., Dijk van, H. 1995. Arid Ways: Cultural Understanding of Insecurity in Fulbe Society, Central Mali, Amsterdam, Thela Publishers 547pp
Carney, D. 1999. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods. What difference can we make? DFID, London.
Chambers, R. 1989. Sustainable rural livelihoods: A key to strategy for people, environment and development, In Conroy, C. and Litvinoff, M. (eds): The greening of aid London, Earthscan
Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M. 2002. “A psychological contract perspective on organizational citizenship behaviour” Organizational Behaviour, 23: 927-946
DFID 1999. Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheet: Framework, London, DFID
Dorward, A., Anderson, S., Clark, B. Keane, J. Moguel 2001. Asset functions and livelihood strategies: A framework for pro-poor analysis, policy and practice. EAAE Seminar on Livelihoods and Rural Poverty, September 2001. European Association of Agricultural Economists, The Hague.
Fabusoro, E. 2006. ‘Property Rights, Access to Natural Resources and Livelihood Security among Settled Fulani Agro-Pastoralists in Southwestern Nigeria’, Research Report for International Foundation For Science, Sweden/United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies, Yokohama Japan, Research Grant No. P/3735-1, under the Agriculture For Peace in Africa Split Fellowship Programme
Fabusoro, E.,T. Matsumoto, M. Taeb 2008. ‘Land rights regimes in southwest Nigeria: implications for land access and livelihoods security of settled Fulani agro-pastoralists’, Land Degradation and Development, 19: 91-103, DOI: 10.1002/ldr.816
Ferraro, G. 2001. Cultural Anthropology an Applied Perspective, 4th edition, Belmont, CA, USA.
Gefu, J.O. 1988. “The Dynamics of Nigeria Pastoralism: An Overview” In Gefu, J. O., Adu, I. F., Lufadeju, E. A., Kallah, M. S., Abatan, A. A. and Awogbade, M. O. (eds.): Pastoralism in Nigeria: Past, Present and Future. Proceedings of the National Conference on Pastoralism in Nigeria held at NAPRI, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria, 26th – 29th, June, pp 17-32.
Islam, I. 2001. From Nomadism to Sedentarism: An Analysis of Development Constraints and Public Policy Issues in the Socioeconomic Transformation of the Pastoral Fulani of Nigeria.
Jabbar, M. A., Reynolds, L., Francis P. A. 1995. “Sedentariasation of cattle farmers in the derived savanna region of southwest Nigeria: Result of a survey” Trop. Anim. Health Prod. pp 55-64.
Macqueen, D. 2001. Measurement malaise: Is the SL approach inoperable? Unpublished position paper, February 2001.
Morton, J., Meadows, N. 2000. Pastoralism and sustainable livelihoods: an emerging agenda. NRI Natural Resource Institute, University of Greenwich (UK)
Niamir-Fuller, M. 1999. Managing Mobility in African Rangelands: The Legitimization of Transhumance. Intermediate Technology Publications, Cambridge
Nori, M., Switzer, J., Crawford, A., 2005. - Herding on the Brink: Towards a Global Survey of Pastoral Communities and Conflict - An Occasional Paper from the IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy; Gland (Ch) http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?id=705
Nori, M. 2007. ‘Mobile livelihoods, patchy resources and shifting rights: approaching pastoral territories’ Working Discussion Paper, International Land Coalition
Omotayo, A.M. 2003. 'Ecological implications of Fulbe pastoralism in Southwestern Nigeria' Land Degradation and Development 14, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 445 – 457
Omotayo, A.M., Dipeolu, M. A., Ekpo, U. F. 2005. Health Consequences of lifestyle changes among Pastoralists is Southwest Nigeria. A Research Report submitted to the Wellcome Trust and the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, April 2005
Oyesola, O.B. 2000. “Training Needs for Improving Income Generating Activities of Agropastoral women in Ogun State, Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural evelopment, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 236pp.
Sandford S., Habtu Y. 2000. “On Emergency Response Interventions in Pastoral Areas of Ethiopia: Report of the Pastoral Appraisal Team”. DFID Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Sodiya, C. I. 2005. Assessment of Agricultural Extension Service Availability and Needs in Agropastoral Production Systems of Ogun State, Nigeria, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
Swift, J.J. 2004. The Global Drylands Imperative: Pastoralism and Mobility in the Drylands. UNDP Drylands Development Centre, Nairobi
Thebaud, B., Battebury, S. 2001. Sahel pastoralists: opportunism, struggle, conflict and negotiation: A case study from eastern Niger. Global Environmental Change, 11(1)
Tonah, S. 2001. Fulani Pastoral Migration, Sedentary Farmers and Conflict in the Middle Belt of Ghana. Paper Presented to the National Conference on Livelihood and Migration, ISSER, University of Ghana, Legion.
Tonah, S. 2002. Migrant Fulani Herdsmen, Indigenous farmers and the contest for land in Northern Ghana. Paper submitted to the Biennial conference of the African Studies Association in Germany (VAD), held in Hamburg, May 23 – 26, 2002.
Water-Bayers A., Bayers W. 1995. Planning with pastoralists, German Agency for
Technical Cooperation, GTZ, Gottingen
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