TRANSPORTATION, GENDER AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS IN IBADAN CITY, OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Keywords:
Transport infrastructure, Intra-urban travel, Psychological distress, Gender role, Ibadan
Abstract
The paper examined the effects of urban transport infrastructure condition and intra-urban travel on the psychological well-being of women and men in Ibadan city, Nigeria. The study used primary data which were obtained through a cross-sectional survey of 721 households in Ibadan, Nigeria. The result of the regression analysis showed that urban transport infrastructure condition and intra-urban travel has significant effects on the psychological well-being of women and men. The effects are found to be more on working and nursing mothers (R2 = .367**) compare to the effects on working men (R2 = .264**). These findings showed that urban transport infrastructure condition and intra-urban travel constitute a major threat to psychological well-being of women and men and the effect is more on the psychological well-being of women than of men due to gender differences in the socially prescribed roles. The result further showed that, the effect of intra-urban travel indicators on women’s psychological distress (R2 = .162**) is more than that of urban transport infrastructure condition (R2 = .020*). The result of the correlation analysis showed significant relationship between intra-urban travel and age (r = -.168*), household size (r =. 229*) and age of the youngest child (r = -.219**). The result also shows negative relationship between intra-urban travel and income (r = -.119), age (r = -.168*), presence of housemaid in the household (r = -.019) and age of the youngest child (r = -.219**). The result further shows positive relationship between intra-urban travel and household size (r = .229**) and number of children in the household (r = .101). The issue of concern therefore is to make intra-urban transportation not only accessible, safe, affordable and appropriate, but also gender sensitive. The result of the correlation analysis showed that policies that improve the socio-economic status of women could reduce the frequency of women intra-urban travel, thereby reducing the psychological distress due to intra-urban transportation.
References
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Afolayan, A.A., “Population” in Filani M.O., Akintola, F.O., Ikporukpo, C.O. (eds.). 1994. Ibadan Region, Ibadan: Rex Charles, pp. 123-135.
Agbola, T., Agbola. E.O. 1997. “The Development of Urban and Regional Planning Legislations and their impact on the Morphology of Nigerian Cities”. The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 39(1): 123-144.
Aina, I.O. 1998. “Women, culture and Society” in Amadu Sesay and Adetanwa
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Asiyanbola, R.A. 1999. "Women Intra-Urban Travel Pattern: A case study of Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria" Ife Social Science Review, 17(2): 62 -72
Asiyanbola, R.A. 2002. “Gender differences in intra-urban travel behavior: a preliminary survey in Ibadan, Nigeria” in Xavier Godard and Innocent Fatonzoun (eds.) Urban Mobility for All, Lisse: A. A. Balkema, The Netherlands pp. 29-35.
Asiyanbola, R.A. 2004. “Les contraintes du voyage intra-urbain dans un pays en cours de development – Nigerie (Intra-urban travel stress in a developing country – Nigeria)” in the CODATU XI International Conference Proceedings on ‘Towards More Attractive Urban Transportation’ held at Bucharest, Romania.
Asiyanbola, R.A. 2006a. “Gender, Household Sex Roles, Work, and Contemporary Yoruba Family” in Toyin Falola and Ann Genova (eds.) The Yoruba in Transition: history, Values and Modernity. Carolina Academic Press, North Carolina, USA, pp. 445 – 462.
Asiyanbola, R.A. 2006b. “Residential Location decision making and gender in Nigeria” Geoforum, 37: 1059-1065
Ayeni, B. 1998. “Urban Geography” in Areola Olusegun and Okafor I. Stanley (eds.) 50
years of Geography in Nigeria – The Ibadan story. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, pp. 75-97
Asiyanbola, R.A. 2007. “Intra-urban transportation, gender and psychological distress in developing countries: Nigeria”. A paper submitted for presentation at the Workshop on: Urban Population, Development and Environment dynamics in developing countries, organized by the Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography (CICRED), in collaboration with the Population-Enviroment Research Network (PERN) and the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) of Columbia University; 11th – 13th June 2007 – Nairobi, Kenya.
Babbie, E. 1998. The Practice of Social Research. New York: Wadsworth,.
Beuret, K. 1991. “Women and Transport” in Mavis Maclean and Dulcie Groves (eds.) Women’s Issues in Social Policy. London: Routledge, pp. 61-75.
Brent, A. 1991. “Why Gender is a Development Issue” in Tina Wallace and Candida March (ed.) Changing Perceptions: Working on Gender and Development. Oxfam, Oxford.
Chant, S. 1997. Women-Headed Households: Diversity and Dynamics in the Developing World. Macmillan, London.
De Vaus, D.A. 1996. Surveys in Social Research. , London: UCL.
Dasgupta, M., Frost, M., Spence, N. 1985. “Interaction between urban form and mode choice for the work journey: Manchester Sheffield 1971-1981” Regional Studies. 19: 315-28.
Dohrenwend, B.P., Shrout, P.E., Egri, G.G., Mendelson, F.S. 1980. “Non-specific Psychological Distress and other Dimensions of Psychopathology”. Archs Gen. Psychiat., 37: 1229.
Egunjobi L. 2002. “Planning the Nigerian Cities for Better Quality of Life” in Onakomaiya S.O. and Oyesiku O.O. (eds.). Environment, Physical Planning and Development in Nigeria, Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria, pp. 89-107.
Egunjobi, L. 1999. Our Gasping Cities An Inaugural Lecture delivered at the University of Ibadan on Thursday, 21st October .
Ericksen, A.J. 1977. “An analysis of the Journey to Work for Women”. Social Problems, 24: 428-35.
Fadare, S. O., Morenikeji, W. 2001. “Gender-bias in intra-urban trip patterns in Niger State, Nigeria”, International Journal of Transportation Studies, 1(1): 73-85
Filani, M.O. 2002. “Mobility Crisis and the Federal Government’s Mass Transit Programme” in Onakomaiya S.O. and Oyesiku O.O. (eds.). Environment, Physical Planning and Development in Nigeria, Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria, pp. 37-51.
Filani, M.O., Akintola, F.O., Ikporukpo, C.O. (eds.). 1994. Ibadan Region. Ibadan: Rex Charles.
Filani, M.O., 1994. “Transportation”. In Filani, M.O., Akintola, F.O. and Ikporukpo, C.O. (eds.). Ibadan Region. Ibadan: Rex Charles, 1994. pp.179-190.
Foundation for Urban Development in Africa 2006. The Legacy of Akin Mabogunje, The Cities Alliance, Washington DC, USA
Gee, G.C., David, T.T. 2004 “Traffic stress, vehicular burden and well-
being: A multilevel analysis” Social Science and Medicine, 59: 405-414
Gordon, P., Kumar, A., Richardson, H. W. 1989. “Gender Differences in Metropolitan Travel Behavior”. Regional Studies, 23(6): 499-510.
Grieco, M., Turner, J. 1997 “Gender Issues in Transport” International Forum on Urban Poverty Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Poverty, 9-13 Nov., Florence, Italy, HABITAT, pp. 46-47
Hanson, S., Johnson, I. 1985. “Gender differences in work trip length: explanations and implications”. Urban Geography, 3: 193-219.
Hanson, S., Hanson, P. 1978. “Impact of women employment on Household Travel
Patterns”. Papers presented at the conference on women’s transportation, Washington D.C Sept. 1978.
Handson, S., Handson, P. 1980. “Gender and urban activity patterns in Uppsala, Sweden”, Geographical Review, 70: 291-299.
Hanson, S., Hanson P. 1980. ‘The impact of women’s employment on Household
travel patterns: A Swedish example”, in S. Resenbloom (ed.) Women’s Travel Issues. Washington D.C, U.S Government Printing Office.
Harris, O. 1984. “Households as a Natural Units” in Young K., Wohowitz C. and McCullagh (eds.) Of Marriage and the Market: Women’s Subordination Internationally and its Lessons. Routledge, London.
Howe, A., O’Vonnor, K. 1982. “Travel to work and labour force participation of men and women in an Australian metropolitan area”. Prof. Geogr., 34: 50-64.
IFRA, 2002. “Echoes, Cities and Artists in Nigeria” Ibadan: French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA). pp. 2-3.
Ikporukpo, C.O. 1994. The Urban Transport Crisis and Urban Violence: Reflections on the Nigerian Situation. In Albert I.O., Adisa J., Agbola T. and Herault G. (eds.) 1994. Urban Management and Urban Violence in Africa. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Ibadan, Nigeria, 7-11 November 1994. Ibadan: IFRA, pp. 21-28.
Jackson, P. 1990. “The Cultural Politics of Masculinity: Towards a Social Geography”. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 16: 199-213.
Johnson-Anumonwo, I. 1989. “Journey to Work: A Comparison of characteristics of Single and Married Parents. Journal of Specialized Transportation Planning Practice, 3: 219-246.
Kostyniuk, L.P., Johnson-Anumonwo, I., Rutherford, B.M., Wekerle, G.R. 1989. “Mobility of single parents: What do the records show? Journal of Specialized Transportation Planning and Practice, 3: 307.
Mabogunje, A.I. 1968. Urbanization in Nigeria; London: University of London Press Ltd.
Madden, J.F. 1981. “Why women work closer home” Urban Studies, 18: 181-94
Mackenzie, Susanne. 1989. Women in the City” in Peet Richard and Thrift Nigel (eds.) New Models in Geography, vol. II. Unwin Nyman London. P. 109-126.
Michelson, W. 1983. The impact of changing women’s roles on transportation needs and usage. US Department of Transportation, Washington DC.
Mirowsky, J. Ross, C.E. 1989. Social Causes of Psychological Distress. New York :Aldine.
Moser, C.O.N. 1992. “Housing” in Ostragaard Lise (ed.) (1992) Gender and Development: A Practical Guide, London: Routledge, pp. 76-93.
Moser, C.O.N. 1993 Gender, Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Training, London: Routledge.
Nelson, K. 1986. Labour demand, Labour supply and the suburbanization of low-wage office work, in Scott A. J. and Storper M. (eds.) Production, Work, Territory. Allen and Unwin, Boston.
NISER. 1988 Socio-Economic Survey of Ibadan
City Report of a Survey Commissioned by the Ibadan Metropolitan Planning Authority (IMPA) , Ibadan: NISER.
O’Connell, H. 2000. “Introduction” Report: One World Action Seminar Developing Gender-sensitive Local Services. London: The British Council, 28-29 June, pp. 9-14.
Ogunsanya, A. A. 2002. Makers and Breaker of Cities. The Fifty-ninth Inaugural Lecture delivered at the University of Ilorin on Thursday, June 27.
Olatubara, C.O. 2003. “The participation of women in residential location decision-making in Ibadan, Nigeria” Journal of the NITP, XVI(1): 19-33
Osita Nwajah., Ibim Semenitari., Anene Ugoani., Stephen Ubanna., Dele Oyewale., Ann Ariole. 2003. “Infrastructure: A Rotten Foundation”. TELL Nigeria’s Independent Weekly, 23: 47-50.
Oyesiku, O.O. 2002a. From Womb to Tomb. 24th Inaugural Lecture, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, 27th August.
Oyesiku, O. K. 2002b. “Policy framework for urban motorcycle public transport system in Nigerian cities” in Xavier Godard and Innocent Fatonzoun (eds.) Urban Mobility for All, Lisse: A. A. Balkema, pp. 255-261.
Oyesiku, O.O., Odufuwa, B.O. 2002. “Gender perspectives in travel behaviour of motorcycle passengers in Nigerian intermediate cities” in Xavier Godard and Innocent Fatonzoun (eds.) Urban Mobility for All, Lisse: A. A. Balkema, The Netherlands pp. 13-19
Perez-Corezo, J. 1986. “Women commuting to suburban employment sites: An activity based approach to the implications of ISM plans” Report, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley, CA..
Pickup, I. 1985. “Women’s Travel Needs in a period of Rising Female employment” in
G. Jansen et al (ed.) Transportation and Mobility in an era of Transition, Amsterdam:
Elsevier, North Holland.
Pisarski, A.E. 1987. Commuting in America. Eno Foundation for Transportation, Westport, Connecticut.
Prevedouros P., Schofer, J.L. 1991 “Trip characteristics and travel pattern of suburban residents”. Paper presented at the 70th Annual meeting of the Transportation Research Council, Washington, D.C.
Robinson, M. Guy. 1998. Method and Techniques in Human Geography, New York: Wiley.
Rosenbloom, S., Raux C. 1985. “Employment, child care and travel behaviour: France, The Netherlands and the United States”, in Behavioural Research for Transport Policy, Utrecht, The Netherlands: VNU Science Press.
Rosenbloom, S. 1989. “The impact of growing children on their parents’ travel behaviour: a comparative analysis”, Transportation Research Record, 1135
Rosenbloom, S. 1993. “Women’s Travel Patterns at Various Stages of their lives” in Cindi Katz and Jainice Monk (eds.) Full Circles: Geography of Women Over the Life Course, London: Routledge, pp. 208-242.
Root, A., Schintler., Button, K.J. 2000. “Women, travel and the idea of ‘sustainable transport”, Transport Reviews, 20: 369-383.
Rutherford, B.M., Wekerle, G.R. 1989. “Single parents in the suburbs: Journey to work and access to transportation”. Journal of Specialized Transportation Planning and Practice, 3(4): 277-94.
Seager, Joni. 1992. “Women Deserve Spatial Consideration or Geography like no one ever learned in School” in Chens K. and Dale S. (eds.) The Knowledge Explosion: Generations of Feminist Scholarship, London: Athene Series, Teachers College, pp.212-224.
Schintler, Laurie A. 2001. “Women and Travel” in Button, K. J. and Hensher, D. A. (eds.) Handbook of Transport system and Traffic Control. New York: Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd., pp. 351-358.
Short, J.R. 1996. The Urban Order: An Introduction to Cities, Culture and Power. USA: Blackwell.
Singell, L.D., Lillydahl, J.H. 1986. “An empirical analysis of the commuter to work
patterns of males and females in two-earner households”, Urban Studies, 2: 119-29.
Skinner, L., Borlaug, K. 1978. “Shopping Trips: Who makes them and when?” Papers presented at the conference on women’s travel issues. U.S Department of Transportation, Washington D.C.
Torres Martinez, A.J. 2001. “Road maintenance policies in Sub-Saharan Africa: unsolved problems and acting strategies”, Transport Policy, 8(4): 257-266
Theodore, D.F., John, N.E., Santhat, S., Sairudee V. 1993 “Housing Stress, Physical Well- being: Evidence from Thailand”. Social Science and Medicine, 36(11): 1417-1428.
Wekerle, G.R. 1981. “Women in the Urban Environment”. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 5(3): 188-214
World Health Organization, 2000. Transport environment and health. Copenhagen: WHO
Regional Publication, European Series
Young Kate, 1995. Planning Development with women: Making a World of Difference. Macmillan.
Adesanya, A.O., Adeniji, S.A. 1998. “Sustaining urban public transport in Nigeria: critical issues and remedies” in Freeman & Jamet (eds.) Urban Transport Policy. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 775-781
Afolayan, A.A., “Population” in Filani M.O., Akintola, F.O., Ikporukpo, C.O. (eds.). 1994. Ibadan Region, Ibadan: Rex Charles, pp. 123-135.
Agbola, T., Agbola. E.O. 1997. “The Development of Urban and Regional Planning Legislations and their impact on the Morphology of Nigerian Cities”. The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 39(1): 123-144.
Aina, I.O. 1998. “Women, culture and Society” in Amadu Sesay and Adetanwa
Odebiyi (eds). Nigerian Women in Society and Development. Dokun Publishing House, Ibadan.
Asiyanbola, R.A. 1999. "Women Intra-Urban Travel Pattern: A case study of Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria" Ife Social Science Review, 17(2): 62 -72
Asiyanbola, R.A. 2002. “Gender differences in intra-urban travel behavior: a preliminary survey in Ibadan, Nigeria” in Xavier Godard and Innocent Fatonzoun (eds.) Urban Mobility for All, Lisse: A. A. Balkema, The Netherlands pp. 29-35.
Asiyanbola, R.A. 2004. “Les contraintes du voyage intra-urbain dans un pays en cours de development – Nigerie (Intra-urban travel stress in a developing country – Nigeria)” in the CODATU XI International Conference Proceedings on ‘Towards More Attractive Urban Transportation’ held at Bucharest, Romania.
Asiyanbola, R.A. 2006a. “Gender, Household Sex Roles, Work, and Contemporary Yoruba Family” in Toyin Falola and Ann Genova (eds.) The Yoruba in Transition: history, Values and Modernity. Carolina Academic Press, North Carolina, USA, pp. 445 – 462.
Asiyanbola, R.A. 2006b. “Residential Location decision making and gender in Nigeria” Geoforum, 37: 1059-1065
Ayeni, B. 1998. “Urban Geography” in Areola Olusegun and Okafor I. Stanley (eds.) 50
years of Geography in Nigeria – The Ibadan story. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, pp. 75-97
Asiyanbola, R.A. 2007. “Intra-urban transportation, gender and psychological distress in developing countries: Nigeria”. A paper submitted for presentation at the Workshop on: Urban Population, Development and Environment dynamics in developing countries, organized by the Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography (CICRED), in collaboration with the Population-Enviroment Research Network (PERN) and the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) of Columbia University; 11th – 13th June 2007 – Nairobi, Kenya.
Babbie, E. 1998. The Practice of Social Research. New York: Wadsworth,.
Beuret, K. 1991. “Women and Transport” in Mavis Maclean and Dulcie Groves (eds.) Women’s Issues in Social Policy. London: Routledge, pp. 61-75.
Brent, A. 1991. “Why Gender is a Development Issue” in Tina Wallace and Candida March (ed.) Changing Perceptions: Working on Gender and Development. Oxfam, Oxford.
Chant, S. 1997. Women-Headed Households: Diversity and Dynamics in the Developing World. Macmillan, London.
De Vaus, D.A. 1996. Surveys in Social Research. , London: UCL.
Dasgupta, M., Frost, M., Spence, N. 1985. “Interaction between urban form and mode choice for the work journey: Manchester Sheffield 1971-1981” Regional Studies. 19: 315-28.
Dohrenwend, B.P., Shrout, P.E., Egri, G.G., Mendelson, F.S. 1980. “Non-specific Psychological Distress and other Dimensions of Psychopathology”. Archs Gen. Psychiat., 37: 1229.
Egunjobi L. 2002. “Planning the Nigerian Cities for Better Quality of Life” in Onakomaiya S.O. and Oyesiku O.O. (eds.). Environment, Physical Planning and Development in Nigeria, Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria, pp. 89-107.
Egunjobi, L. 1999. Our Gasping Cities An Inaugural Lecture delivered at the University of Ibadan on Thursday, 21st October .
Ericksen, A.J. 1977. “An analysis of the Journey to Work for Women”. Social Problems, 24: 428-35.
Fadare, S. O., Morenikeji, W. 2001. “Gender-bias in intra-urban trip patterns in Niger State, Nigeria”, International Journal of Transportation Studies, 1(1): 73-85
Filani, M.O. 2002. “Mobility Crisis and the Federal Government’s Mass Transit Programme” in Onakomaiya S.O. and Oyesiku O.O. (eds.). Environment, Physical Planning and Development in Nigeria, Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria, pp. 37-51.
Filani, M.O., Akintola, F.O., Ikporukpo, C.O. (eds.). 1994. Ibadan Region. Ibadan: Rex Charles.
Filani, M.O., 1994. “Transportation”. In Filani, M.O., Akintola, F.O. and Ikporukpo, C.O. (eds.). Ibadan Region. Ibadan: Rex Charles, 1994. pp.179-190.
Foundation for Urban Development in Africa 2006. The Legacy of Akin Mabogunje, The Cities Alliance, Washington DC, USA
Gee, G.C., David, T.T. 2004 “Traffic stress, vehicular burden and well-
being: A multilevel analysis” Social Science and Medicine, 59: 405-414
Gordon, P., Kumar, A., Richardson, H. W. 1989. “Gender Differences in Metropolitan Travel Behavior”. Regional Studies, 23(6): 499-510.
Grieco, M., Turner, J. 1997 “Gender Issues in Transport” International Forum on Urban Poverty Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Poverty, 9-13 Nov., Florence, Italy, HABITAT, pp. 46-47
Hanson, S., Johnson, I. 1985. “Gender differences in work trip length: explanations and implications”. Urban Geography, 3: 193-219.
Hanson, S., Hanson, P. 1978. “Impact of women employment on Household Travel
Patterns”. Papers presented at the conference on women’s transportation, Washington D.C Sept. 1978.
Handson, S., Handson, P. 1980. “Gender and urban activity patterns in Uppsala, Sweden”, Geographical Review, 70: 291-299.
Hanson, S., Hanson P. 1980. ‘The impact of women’s employment on Household
travel patterns: A Swedish example”, in S. Resenbloom (ed.) Women’s Travel Issues. Washington D.C, U.S Government Printing Office.
Harris, O. 1984. “Households as a Natural Units” in Young K., Wohowitz C. and McCullagh (eds.) Of Marriage and the Market: Women’s Subordination Internationally and its Lessons. Routledge, London.
Howe, A., O’Vonnor, K. 1982. “Travel to work and labour force participation of men and women in an Australian metropolitan area”. Prof. Geogr., 34: 50-64.
IFRA, 2002. “Echoes, Cities and Artists in Nigeria” Ibadan: French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA). pp. 2-3.
Ikporukpo, C.O. 1994. The Urban Transport Crisis and Urban Violence: Reflections on the Nigerian Situation. In Albert I.O., Adisa J., Agbola T. and Herault G. (eds.) 1994. Urban Management and Urban Violence in Africa. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Ibadan, Nigeria, 7-11 November 1994. Ibadan: IFRA, pp. 21-28.
Jackson, P. 1990. “The Cultural Politics of Masculinity: Towards a Social Geography”. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 16: 199-213.
Johnson-Anumonwo, I. 1989. “Journey to Work: A Comparison of characteristics of Single and Married Parents. Journal of Specialized Transportation Planning Practice, 3: 219-246.
Kostyniuk, L.P., Johnson-Anumonwo, I., Rutherford, B.M., Wekerle, G.R. 1989. “Mobility of single parents: What do the records show? Journal of Specialized Transportation Planning and Practice, 3: 307.
Mabogunje, A.I. 1968. Urbanization in Nigeria; London: University of London Press Ltd.
Madden, J.F. 1981. “Why women work closer home” Urban Studies, 18: 181-94
Mackenzie, Susanne. 1989. Women in the City” in Peet Richard and Thrift Nigel (eds.) New Models in Geography, vol. II. Unwin Nyman London. P. 109-126.
Michelson, W. 1983. The impact of changing women’s roles on transportation needs and usage. US Department of Transportation, Washington DC.
Mirowsky, J. Ross, C.E. 1989. Social Causes of Psychological Distress. New York :Aldine.
Moser, C.O.N. 1992. “Housing” in Ostragaard Lise (ed.) (1992) Gender and Development: A Practical Guide, London: Routledge, pp. 76-93.
Moser, C.O.N. 1993 Gender, Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Training, London: Routledge.
Nelson, K. 1986. Labour demand, Labour supply and the suburbanization of low-wage office work, in Scott A. J. and Storper M. (eds.) Production, Work, Territory. Allen and Unwin, Boston.
NISER. 1988 Socio-Economic Survey of Ibadan
City Report of a Survey Commissioned by the Ibadan Metropolitan Planning Authority (IMPA) , Ibadan: NISER.
O’Connell, H. 2000. “Introduction” Report: One World Action Seminar Developing Gender-sensitive Local Services. London: The British Council, 28-29 June, pp. 9-14.
Ogunsanya, A. A. 2002. Makers and Breaker of Cities. The Fifty-ninth Inaugural Lecture delivered at the University of Ilorin on Thursday, June 27.
Olatubara, C.O. 2003. “The participation of women in residential location decision-making in Ibadan, Nigeria” Journal of the NITP, XVI(1): 19-33
Osita Nwajah., Ibim Semenitari., Anene Ugoani., Stephen Ubanna., Dele Oyewale., Ann Ariole. 2003. “Infrastructure: A Rotten Foundation”. TELL Nigeria’s Independent Weekly, 23: 47-50.
Oyesiku, O.O. 2002a. From Womb to Tomb. 24th Inaugural Lecture, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, 27th August.
Oyesiku, O. K. 2002b. “Policy framework for urban motorcycle public transport system in Nigerian cities” in Xavier Godard and Innocent Fatonzoun (eds.) Urban Mobility for All, Lisse: A. A. Balkema, pp. 255-261.
Oyesiku, O.O., Odufuwa, B.O. 2002. “Gender perspectives in travel behaviour of motorcycle passengers in Nigerian intermediate cities” in Xavier Godard and Innocent Fatonzoun (eds.) Urban Mobility for All, Lisse: A. A. Balkema, The Netherlands pp. 13-19
Perez-Corezo, J. 1986. “Women commuting to suburban employment sites: An activity based approach to the implications of ISM plans” Report, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley, CA..
Pickup, I. 1985. “Women’s Travel Needs in a period of Rising Female employment” in
G. Jansen et al (ed.) Transportation and Mobility in an era of Transition, Amsterdam:
Elsevier, North Holland.
Pisarski, A.E. 1987. Commuting in America. Eno Foundation for Transportation, Westport, Connecticut.
Prevedouros P., Schofer, J.L. 1991 “Trip characteristics and travel pattern of suburban residents”. Paper presented at the 70th Annual meeting of the Transportation Research Council, Washington, D.C.
Robinson, M. Guy. 1998. Method and Techniques in Human Geography, New York: Wiley.
Rosenbloom, S., Raux C. 1985. “Employment, child care and travel behaviour: France, The Netherlands and the United States”, in Behavioural Research for Transport Policy, Utrecht, The Netherlands: VNU Science Press.
Rosenbloom, S. 1989. “The impact of growing children on their parents’ travel behaviour: a comparative analysis”, Transportation Research Record, 1135
Rosenbloom, S. 1993. “Women’s Travel Patterns at Various Stages of their lives” in Cindi Katz and Jainice Monk (eds.) Full Circles: Geography of Women Over the Life Course, London: Routledge, pp. 208-242.
Root, A., Schintler., Button, K.J. 2000. “Women, travel and the idea of ‘sustainable transport”, Transport Reviews, 20: 369-383.
Rutherford, B.M., Wekerle, G.R. 1989. “Single parents in the suburbs: Journey to work and access to transportation”. Journal of Specialized Transportation Planning and Practice, 3(4): 277-94.
Seager, Joni. 1992. “Women Deserve Spatial Consideration or Geography like no one ever learned in School” in Chens K. and Dale S. (eds.) The Knowledge Explosion: Generations of Feminist Scholarship, London: Athene Series, Teachers College, pp.212-224.
Schintler, Laurie A. 2001. “Women and Travel” in Button, K. J. and Hensher, D. A. (eds.) Handbook of Transport system and Traffic Control. New York: Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd., pp. 351-358.
Short, J.R. 1996. The Urban Order: An Introduction to Cities, Culture and Power. USA: Blackwell.
Singell, L.D., Lillydahl, J.H. 1986. “An empirical analysis of the commuter to work
patterns of males and females in two-earner households”, Urban Studies, 2: 119-29.
Skinner, L., Borlaug, K. 1978. “Shopping Trips: Who makes them and when?” Papers presented at the conference on women’s travel issues. U.S Department of Transportation, Washington D.C.
Torres Martinez, A.J. 2001. “Road maintenance policies in Sub-Saharan Africa: unsolved problems and acting strategies”, Transport Policy, 8(4): 257-266
Theodore, D.F., John, N.E., Santhat, S., Sairudee V. 1993 “Housing Stress, Physical Well- being: Evidence from Thailand”. Social Science and Medicine, 36(11): 1417-1428.
Wekerle, G.R. 1981. “Women in the Urban Environment”. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 5(3): 188-214
World Health Organization, 2000. Transport environment and health. Copenhagen: WHO
Regional Publication, European Series
Young Kate, 1995. Planning Development with women: Making a World of Difference. Macmillan.
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