Yield Response of Maize to Animal Manures and Bulking Agents in Fortified Composts
Keywords:
sawdust, sorted refuse, bulking agent, manure, fortified compost, and maize yield.
Abstract
An experiment was carried out to examine the effectiveness of four different composts formulated from poultry (PM) and cowdung (CD) manures as primary constituents and two bulking agents namely sawdust (SD) and sorted refuse (SR) on some yield components of maize for two cropping seasons. All compost mixtures were fortified with rock phosphate and urea. The compost treatments (PM/SD, PM/SR, CD/SD and CD/SR at ratio 3:1) were applied at 2.5 tonnes/ha, replicated three times with NPK (15:15:15) fertilizer applied at 300 kg/ha as reference treatment and a control (no compost, no fertilizer), all arranged in a randomized complete design. The results showed that the composts significantly increased (P<0.05) all the maize yield components measured for the two cropping seasons. The PM/SD and PM/SR produced a higher grain yield of 3326 and 3218 kg/ha, respectively, for the first cropping season and 1603 and 2423 kg/ha, respectively, for the second season compared to the cowdung-based composts, i.e. CD/SD and CD/SR with a range of 3073 and 3044 kg/ha and 1440 and 2051 kg/ha grain yield for the first and second seasons respectively. The sawdust-bulking agent performed better in the first cropping season producing a mean grain yield of 3200 kg/ha compared to sorted refuse with 3131 kg/ha. The study showed that types of bulking agent and animal manure used determined plant refuse to fortified composts.
References
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Tekalign T., Hague I., Aduayi E.A. 1991. Soil, plant, water, fertilizer, animal manure
and compost analysis manual. Plant Science Division Working Document 13, ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Walkey A., Black I.A. 1934. An examination of Dejtjareff method of determining organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid digestion method. Soil science. 37:29-38
Wang P., Changa C.M, Watson M.E, Dick W.A,Chen Y., Hoitink H.A.J. 2004.
Maturity indices for composted dairy and pig manures. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36:767-776
Woomer P.L., Muchena F.N. 1996 Recognizing and overcoming soil constraints to crop production in tropical Africa. African Crop Science Journal 4:503-518
Woomer P.L., Okalebo J.R., Sanchez P.A. 1997 Phosphorus replenishment in western Kenya: from field experiments to an operational strategy. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings 3:559-570
World Bank. 1996. Natural Resource Degradation in sub-saharan Africa: Restoration of soil fertility, Africa Region. World Bank, Washington D.C.
Wright R.J., Hern J.L., Balingar V.C., Bennet O.L. 1995. The effects of surface
applied soil amendments of barley root growth in an acid sub-soil. Communications in soil science and plant analysis 16:179-192.
Anonymous 1992. Manure management and composting. COG Organic Field Crop Handbook .
AOAC 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington D.C. USA.
Blanco M.J., Almendros G. 1994. Maturity assessment of wheat straw composts by thermogravimetric analysis. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 42:2454-2459
Bomke A.A., Lavkulich L.M. 1975. Composition of poultry manure and effect of heavy application on soil chemical properties and plant nutrition. British Colombia, Canada. In: Managing Livestock Wastes. Pp 611-617
Bouyocous C.J. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size of soil.
Agron. J. 54:464-465
Brady N.C., Weil R.R. 1996. The nature and properties of soils. 11th edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA. 740pp
Bray R.H., Kurtz L.T. 1945. Determination of total organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil science 59:39-45
Chapman H.D. 1965. Total exchangeable bases. In: Methods of soil analysis. Black D.A.(ed) America Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Edward J.P. 1992. Soil science and Management. 2nd ed., Delmar Publishers Inc. New York. 514pp
Fagbenro J.A., Adeola A.O. 1981. Nutrition of teak (Tectona grandis) and Pinus carribeae. Preliminary study on the use of poultry manure in the nursery. Paper presented at the 11th annual conference of Forestry Association of Nigeria
FAO/NSPFS 2002. Fertilizers and their use. A pocket guide for extension workers.
National Special Programme on Food Security. Abuja, Nigeria. 70pp
Juo A.S.R., Kang B.T. 1989. Nutrient effect of modification of shifting cultivation in West Africa. In: Mineral nutrients in tropical forest and savanna ecosystem. British Ecological Society Blackwell Scientific Publications, London U.K. pp 289 – 299
Juo A.S.R., WiIding L.P. 1996. Soils of the lowland forest of West and Central Africa. In: Essays on the ecology of the Guinea Congo rain forest, Proceedings Royal society of Edinburgh Vol 1043, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K pp. 15 – 26.
Maerere A.P, Kimbi G.G., Nonga D.L.M. 2001. Comparative effectiveness of animal manures on soil chemical properties, yield and growth of Amaranthus (Amaranthus cruentush).AJST Vol 1 No 4: 14-21
Makken E. 1993. Overview of the agricultural sector in sub-saharan Africa. In: The role of plant nutrients for sustainable food crop production in sub-saharan Africa. Van Rueler H., Prins W.H. (eds), pp25-36. Leidschendam. The Netherlands. Dutch Association of
Fertilizer Production.
Obi M.E., Ebo P.O. 1995. The effects of organic and inorganic amendments on
soilphysical properties and maize production in severely degraded soils in southern Nigeria. Bio. Resource Techn. 51:117-123
Ojeniyi S.O. 2000 Effect of goat manure on soil nutrients and okra yield in a
rainforestarea of Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agriculture 5:20-23
Ojeniyi S.O., Adejobi K.B. 2000. Effect of ash and goat dung manure on leaf nutrients composition, growth and yield of conaranthus. Niger. Agric. J. 33:46-57
Okalebo J.R., Gathua K.W., Woomer P.L. 1993. Laboratory Methods of Soil and Plant Analysis: A Working Manual. TSBF, Nairobi, Kenya, EPZ printers. 88pp
Pondel D.D., Horwath W.R, Mitchell J.P, Temple S.R. 2001. Impact of cropping
systems on soil nitrogenstorage and loss. Agricultural System Vol 68 No 3 pp 91 – 96.
Porter D.O. 2004. Utilization of organic wastes:On-farm composting fact sheet series a 2004. Accessed from http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/composting.html
Ralph E.A. 1996. Utilization of waste organic matter. Agriculture Ecosystem
And Environment vol 58 pp 101-106.
Sanchez P.A., Sheperd K.D., Soule M.J., Place F.M., Buresh R.J., Izac A.M.N., Mokwunye A.U., Kwesiga F.R., Ndiritu C.G., Woomer P.L. 1997. Soil fertility replenishment in Africa: An investment in natural resource capital. In: Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. Buresh R.J., Sanchez P.A., Calhoun F. (eds). pp1-46. SSSA special publication number 51, SSSA, Madison, WI
Schlegel A.J. 1992. Effect of composted manure on soil chemical properties and nitrogen use by grain sorghum. Journal of Production Agriculture 5:153-157
Shado M.B. 1983. Effect of different levels of poultry deep litter manure on growth of seedlings of some Eucalyptus species. Paper presented at the 13th annual conference of the Forestry association of Nig., Benin city. 14pp
Smaling E.M.A., Nandwa S.M., Janssen B.H. 1997. Soil fertility in Africa is at stake.In: Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. Buresh R.J., Sanchez P.A. and Calhoun F. (eds). pp47-61. SSSA, Madison, WI
Tekalign T., Hague I., Aduayi E.A. 1991. Soil, plant, water, fertilizer, animal manure
and compost analysis manual. Plant Science Division Working Document 13, ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Walkey A., Black I.A. 1934. An examination of Dejtjareff method of determining organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid digestion method. Soil science. 37:29-38
Wang P., Changa C.M, Watson M.E, Dick W.A,Chen Y., Hoitink H.A.J. 2004.
Maturity indices for composted dairy and pig manures. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36:767-776
Woomer P.L., Muchena F.N. 1996 Recognizing and overcoming soil constraints to crop production in tropical Africa. African Crop Science Journal 4:503-518
Woomer P.L., Okalebo J.R., Sanchez P.A. 1997 Phosphorus replenishment in western Kenya: from field experiments to an operational strategy. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings 3:559-570
World Bank. 1996. Natural Resource Degradation in sub-saharan Africa: Restoration of soil fertility, Africa Region. World Bank, Washington D.C.
Wright R.J., Hern J.L., Balingar V.C., Bennet O.L. 1995. The effects of surface
applied soil amendments of barley root growth in an acid sub-soil. Communications in soil science and plant analysis 16:179-192.
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