DETERMINATION OF AFLATOXIN LEVELS IN COMMERCIAL POULTRY FEEDS SOLD IN SOME PARTS OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
Keywords:
Aflatoxins, ELISA, moulds, Poultry feeds, South Western Nigeria.
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of animal feeds is common and widely spread especially in the tropics due to ubiquity of the producing fungi. This study was carried out to identify and quantify common moulds and aflatoxin levels in commercial poultry feeds sold in four states of South Western, Nigeria. Twenty samples of poultry feeds, 5 from each state (Lagos, Ogun, Osun and Oyo) were bought from retailers. The feed samples were analysed microbiologically for moulds and total aflatoxins using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Mould count ranged between 1 x 104 and 8 x 104 cfu/g. Common moulds isolated were Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. terreus, A. niger, A. oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae, and Penicillium notatum. Total aflatoxin levels ranged between 13.5 and 270 ug/kg. Maize was the main ingredient in all feeds examined. This study highlights the need for routine surveillance. Feed millers are encouraged to add fungal growth inhibitors or toxin binders to their feeds.
References
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Arrus, K., Blank, G., Abramson, D., Clear, R., Holey, R.A. 2005. Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in Brazil nuts. Journal of Stored Products Research, 41(5): 513-527
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Boudra, H., Morgavi, D.P. 2005. Mycotoxin risk evaluation in feeds contaminated by Aspergillus fumigatus. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 120: 113-123.
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Deilo, P. 1996. Guide to inspection of manufacture of miscellaneous food products, 2: 1-5.
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D’Mello, J.P.F. 1993. Amino acid supplementation of cereal-based diets for non-ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 45(1): 1-18.
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Franzolin, M. R., Gambale, W., Cuero, R. G., Correa, B. 2004. Interaction between toxigenic Aspergillus flavus Link and mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank) on maize grains: effects on fungal growth and aflatoxin production. Journal of Stored Products Research ,935(3): 215-224.
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Klich, M.A. 2002. Identification of common Aspergillus species. First edition. Centraal voor Schimmelcultures. Utrecht. The Netherlands 1-113.
Marquardt, R.R. 1996. Effects of molds and their toxins on livestock performance: a Canadian perspective. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 58(1/2): 77-89.
Oluwafemi, F., Taiwo, V.O. 2004. Reversal of toxigenic effects of aflatoxin B, on cockerels by alcoholic extract of African nutmeg, Monodora myristica. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 84: 330-340.
Okoli, C.I., Nweke, C.U., Okoli, C.G., Opara, M.N. 2006. Assessment of the mycoflora of commercial poultry feeds sold in the humid tropical environment of Imo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 3:9-14.
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Vlachou, S., Zoiopoulos, P.E., Drosinos, E.H. 2004. Assessment of some hygienic parameters of animal feeds in Greece. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 117(3/4): 331-337.
Wittenberg, K.M., Undi, M., Bossuyt, C. 1996. Establishing a feed value for moulded hay. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 60(3/4): 301-310.
Arrus, K., Blank, G., Abramson, D., Clear, R., Holey, R.A. 2005. Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in Brazil nuts. Journal of Stored Products Research, 41(5): 513-527
Arumolzhi, A., Koshy, V., Ismail, P.K., Pee-thambaran, P.A., Ramachandran, K.M. 2002. Aflatoxin residues in tissues of broiler chicken. Indian Veterinary Journal, 79: 901-903.
Baht, R.V., Vashanti, J. 1999. Occurrence of aflatoxin and its economic impact on human nutrition and animal feed. The new regulations. Agriculture et Development, 23:,50-56.
Boudra, H., Morgavi, D.P. 2005. Mycotoxin risk evaluation in feeds contaminated by Aspergillus fumigatus. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 120: 113-123.
Cheeke, P.R. 1995. Endogenous toxins and mycotoxins in forage grasses and other effects on livestock. Journal of Animal Science, 73(3): 909-918
Coker, R.D., Jones, B.D., Nagler, O.C., Gilman, G.A., Wallbridge, A.J., Panigrahi, S. 1984. Mycotoxin Training Manual. Tropical Development and Research Institute, London. Section A1, 2& 4:4-100.
Deilo, P. 1996. Guide to inspection of manufacture of miscellaneous food products, 2: 1-5.
Dhand, N.K. 1998. Fungal contaminant of dairy food and their toxigenicity. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 68: 1095-1096.
Dhand, N.K., Jand, S.K. 2004. Relationship between aflatoxin presence and toxigenic aspergilli. Indian Veterinary Journal,
81(6): 723-724.
D’Mello, J.P.F. 1993. Amino acid supplementation of cereal-based diets for non-ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 45(1): 1-18.
D’Mello, J.P.F., Macdonald, A.M.C. 1997. Mycotoxins. Animal Feed Science and Technology 69(1/3): 155-166.
Franzolin, M. R., Gambale, W., Cuero, R. G., Correa, B. 2004. Interaction between toxigenic Aspergillus flavus Link and mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank) on maize grains: effects on fungal growth and aflatoxin production. Journal of Stored Products Research ,935(3): 215-224.
Gupta, A., Mohammed, K., Naveen, K. A., Varmw, A., Balakrisnan, P., Rai, R. B. 2002. Pathomorphological studies on naturally occurring mycotoxicosis induced visceral gout in chicken. Indian Veterinary Journal, 79: 443-445.
Hohenboken, W.O., Robertson, J.L., Blodgett, D.G., Morris, C.A., Towers, N. R. 2000. Sporidesmin-induced mortality and histopathological lesions in mouse lines divergently selected for response to toxins in endophyte-infected fescue. Journal of Animal Science, 78(8): 2157-2163.
Kabak, B., Dobson, A.D., Var, L. 2006. Strategies to prevent mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feed. Critical Review of Food Science Nutrition, 46(8): 593-619.
Khan, M.F., Smith, G.S. 1994. Effect of mouldy and non mouldy wheat straw treated with or without ammonia on performance and blood serum constituents in steers. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 7(3): 413-419.
Klich, M.A. 2002. Identification of common Aspergillus species. First edition. Centraal voor Schimmelcultures. Utrecht. The Netherlands 1-113.
Marquardt, R.R. 1996. Effects of molds and their toxins on livestock performance: a Canadian perspective. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 58(1/2): 77-89.
Oluwafemi, F., Taiwo, V.O. 2004. Reversal of toxigenic effects of aflatoxin B, on cockerels by alcoholic extract of African nutmeg, Monodora myristica. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 84: 330-340.
Okoli, C.I., Nweke, C.U., Okoli, C.G., Opara, M.N. 2006. Assessment of the mycoflora of commercial poultry feeds sold in the humid tropical environment of Imo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 3:9-14.
Rauber, R.H., Dilkin, P., Giacomini, L. Z., Araujo de Almeida, C.A., Mallmann, C. A. 2007. Performance of Turkey Poults fed different doses of aflatoxins in the diet. Poultry Science, 86:1620–1624.
Vlachou, S., Zoiopoulos, P.E., Drosinos, E.H. 2004. Assessment of some hygienic parameters of animal feeds in Greece. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 117(3/4): 331-337.
Wittenberg, K.M., Undi, M., Bossuyt, C. 1996. Establishing a feed value for moulded hay. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 60(3/4): 301-310.
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