Haematotoxicity of Dietary Fumonisin B1 in Growing Pigs
Keywords:
Erythrogenesis, fumonisin B1, haematotoxicity, leukocytosis, pig.
Abstract
Investigation was carried out with 24 male Large White weanling pigs of 8-9 weeks of age averaging 6.94±0.26 kg to study the haematotoxicity of dietary fumonisin B1 (FB1) in pigs. The animals were randomly assigned to four treatment diets containing approximately 0.2 (control), 5.0 (diet 1), 10.0 (diet 2) and 15.0 ppm (diet 3) FB1 in a 6-month feeding trial. Blood sample was collected from the ear vein of each animal at the end of the feeding trial for haematological analyses. Dietary FB1 had significant influence on haematological parameters. Animals fed diets 2 and 3 suffered significantly (p<0.05) reduced erythrogenesis and concentration of red blood cells, resulting in anaemia, with impaired respiratory capacity. The animals exposed to diet 3 (containing the highest FB1 concentration) suffered leukocytosis. Dietary FB1 concentration above 5.0 ppm is haematotoxic in pigs. The study suggests that the USFDA recommended maximum level of 10 ppm total fumonisins is above the no observable effect level (NOEL) for swine.
References
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Rotter, B.A., Thompson, B.K., Prelusky, D.B., Trenholm, H.L., Stewart, B., Miller, J.D., Savard, M.E. 1996. Response of growing swine to dietary exposure to pure fumonisin B1 during an eight-week period: Growth and clinical parameters. Nat. Toxins, 4: 329-329.
SAS Institute Inc. 1999. SAS/STAT User’s Guide. Version 8 for windows. SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
Shephard, G.S., Thiel, P.G., Stockenström, S., Sydenham, E.W. 1996. Worldwide survey of fumonisin contamination of corn and corn-based products. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. Int., 79:671-687.
Thorn, C.E. 2000. Normal hematology of the pig. In Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 5th ed. B. F. Feldman, J. G. Zinkl and N. C. Jain (Eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, A Wolters Kluwer Company, Philedelphia.,pp.1089–1095.
USFDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2001. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, and Center for Veterinary Medicine, Guidance for Industry. Fumonisin Levels in Human Foods and Animal Feeds. November 9. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/fumongu2.html
Wilson, P.N., Medd, R.K. 1978. Blood profile as a guide to nutritional status in animals. Brit. Soc. Ani. Prod., 1: 155-162.
Zomborszky-Kovįcs, M., Kovįcs, F., Horn, P., Vetési, F., Repa, I., Tornyos, G., Tóth, Į. 2002. Investigations into the time– and dose-dependent effect of fumonisin B1 in order to determine tolerable limit values in pigs. Livestock Prod. Sci., 76:251 - 256.
Blood, D.C. 1995. Pocket Companion to Veterinary Medicine. Bailliere Tindall, Philadelphia, USA.
Coles, E.H. 1986. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 4th Ed., W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA.
Dänike, S., Valent, H., Klobasa, F., Döll, S., Ganter, M., Flachowsky, G. 2004. Effects of graded levels of Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat in diets for fattening pigs on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, deoxynivalenol balance and clinical serum characteristics. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 58: 1-17.
Döll, S., Dänike, S., Ueberschar, K.-H., Valenta, H., Schnurrbusch, U., Ganter, M., Klosaba, F., Flachowsky, G. 2003. Effects of graded levels of Fusarium toxin contaminated maize in diets for female weaned piglets. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 57: 311-334.
Espada, Y., Ruiz de Gopegui, R., Cuadradas, C., Cabañes, F. J. 1997. Fumonisin mycotoxicoses on broilers: plasma protein and coagulation modifications. Avian Dis., 41:23-79.
Fazekas, B., Bajmócy. E., Glávits, R., Fenyvesi, A. 1997. Fumonisin mycotoxicoses in Hungary. Leucoencephalomalacia in horses, fattening pulmonary oederma in pigs (in Hungarian). Magy. Allatorv. Lapja., 119: 137–139.
Friend, D.W., Trenholm, H.L., Elliot, J.I., Thompson, B.K., Hartin, K.E. 1982. Effect of feeding vomitoxin-contaminated wheat to pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 62: 1211-1222.
House, J.D., Abramson, D., Crow, G.H., Nyachoti, C.M. 2002. Feed intake, growth and carcass parameters of swine consuming diets containing low levels of deoxynivalenol from naturally contaminated barley. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 82: 559-565.
Jain, N.C. 1986. Schalms Veterinary Haematology. 4th Ed, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.
Kedera, C.J., Leslie, J.F., Claflin, L.E. 1992. Systemic infection of corn by F. moniliforme. (Abstr.) Phytopathology, 82: 1138.
Marasas, W.F.O., Nelson, P.E. 1987. Mycotoxicology: Introduction to the Mycology, Plant Pathology, Chemistry, Toxicology and Pathology of Naturally occurring Mycotoxicoses in Animals and Man. University Park: Penn. State Univ. Press, 102 pp.
Mitruka, B. M., Rawnsley, H. M. 1977. Clinical Biochemical and Haematological Reference Values in Normal Experimental Animals. Masson Pub. USA Inc., N.Y. pp 104-106.
Nelson, P.E., Plattner, R.D., Shackelford, D.D., Desjardins, A.E. 1991. Production of fumonisins by Fusarium moniliforme strains from various substrates and geographic areas. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57: 2410-2412.
Nelson, P.E., Ross, P.F. 1992. Fumonisin production by Fusarium species on solid substrates Abstr. 104, 106th AOAC Ann. Meet., Cincinnati, OH., Aug. 31- Sept. 2.
NRC, National Research Council 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington D.C.
Ogunlade, J.T., Gbore, F.A., Ewuola, E.O., Idahor, K.O., Salako, A.O., Egbunike, G.N. 2004. Biochemical and haematological responses of rabbits fed diets containing micro doses of fumonisin. Trop. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 7 (1) : 169-176.
Olorode, B.R., Ajagbonna, O.P., Babatunde, G.M. 1995. Comparism of air dried poultry droppings in broiler rations. Effects on performance, organ weight and haematological parameters. Int. J. Anim. Sci. 10:289-293
Parent-Masin, D., Parchment, R.E. 1998. Haematotoxicity of mycotoxins. In: Le Bass, J. and Galtier, P. (Eds.). Mycotoxins in the food chain, MYCOTOX’98, Toulouse, July2-4, pp. 591-598.
Rheeder, J.P., Marasas, W.F.O., Thiel, P.G. Sydenham. E.W., Shephard, G.S., Van Schalkwyk, D.J. 1992. Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisins in corn in relation to human esophageal cancer in Transkei. Phytopathology, 82: 353–357.
Ross, P.F., Rice, L.G., Osweiler, G.D., Nelson, P.E., Richard, J.L., Wilson, T.M. 1992. A review and update of animal toxicoses associated with fumonisin-contaminated feeds and production of fumonisins by Fusarium isolates. Mycopathology, 117: 109 – 114.
Rotter, B.A., Thompson, B.K., Prelusky, D.B., Trenholm, H.L., Stewart, B., Miller, J.D., Savard, M.E. 1996. Response of growing swine to dietary exposure to pure fumonisin B1 during an eight-week period: Growth and clinical parameters. Nat. Toxins, 4: 329-329.
SAS Institute Inc. 1999. SAS/STAT User’s Guide. Version 8 for windows. SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
Shephard, G.S., Thiel, P.G., Stockenström, S., Sydenham, E.W. 1996. Worldwide survey of fumonisin contamination of corn and corn-based products. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. Int., 79:671-687.
Thorn, C.E. 2000. Normal hematology of the pig. In Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 5th ed. B. F. Feldman, J. G. Zinkl and N. C. Jain (Eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, A Wolters Kluwer Company, Philedelphia.,pp.1089–1095.
USFDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2001. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, and Center for Veterinary Medicine, Guidance for Industry. Fumonisin Levels in Human Foods and Animal Feeds. November 9. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/fumongu2.html
Wilson, P.N., Medd, R.K. 1978. Blood profile as a guide to nutritional status in animals. Brit. Soc. Ani. Prod., 1: 155-162.
Zomborszky-Kovįcs, M., Kovįcs, F., Horn, P., Vetési, F., Repa, I., Tornyos, G., Tóth, Į. 2002. Investigations into the time– and dose-dependent effect of fumonisin B1 in order to determine tolerable limit values in pigs. Livestock Prod. Sci., 76:251 - 256.
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