Cadmium and Cobalt in Kaduna Street Dust
Keywords:
Cadmium, cobalt, street dust, Kaduna
Abstract
The levels of cadmium and cobalt metals in Kaduna Street dusts collected from a variety of sampling sites are reported. Wide range concentrations of the metals were observed in street dust from different parts of the municipality. Their distributions were multimodal with a mean and standard deviation of 1.37 ± 0.478 and 2.624 ±0.324 µgg-1 respectively. The results agreed with inputs from highly dispersed materials of local origin. Significant correlation between cadmium and cobalt indicated that these metals in the residential areas are affected by automobile exhaust emissions and other sources of the pollutants.
References
Ayodele, J.T., Gaya, U.M. 1994. Determination of lead in street dust to index its pollution in Kano Municipal. Spectrum Journal 1(2) 92-96
Ayodele, J.T., Gaya, U.M. 1998. Chromium Manganese and Zinc in Kano Municipality Street dust. .J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria. 23: 24-.31
Bello, A.L. 2000. Kaduna State In: Federal Ministry of Information (ed): Survey of states. Millennium edition. Gahumo publishing co. Ltd Calabar 249-264.
Birch, G.F., Scollen, A. 2003. Heavy metals in road dust. gully pots and parkland soils in a highly urbanized sub-catchments of port Jackson. Australia. Australian journal of soil research. 41 (7) 1329-1 342.
Chattopadhyay, A., Jervis, R. E. 1974. Multielement determination in market garden soils by instrumental photo activation analysis. Anal Chem.46:1630-1649
Coates, E.O., Watson, J.H.L. 1971. Heavy metals in street dusts Ann. Int. Med.75:709 –716
De-Migucl, E. Llamas, J. E. Chacon, E. ., Mazadiego, L.F. 1990. Sources and pathways of trace elements in urban environments a multi elemental qualitative approach. The Science of the Total Environment 235:355-357.
Dmuchowski, W., Bytnerowicz, A. 1994. Monitoring environmental pollution in Poland by chemical analysis of Scot pine (Pinus sylvestris L) needles. Environ.Pollut87:87-104.
Ewers U. and Schlipkőter, H.W. 199la. Chronic toxicity of metals and metal compounds In: Merian E. (ed) metals and their compounds in the environment VCH. Verlag segsellschaft mhH, Weinheim New York 591-603.
Ewers, U., Schlipkőter, H.W. 1991b. Lead In. Merian I (ed) metals and their compounds in me environment VCH. Verlag segsellschaft mhH, Weinheim New York 971-1014.
Fergusson, J.E. 1987. The significance of the variability in analytical results for Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in street dust. Canad.Journ. Chem.65:1002-1006
Herndon, B.L Jacon, R.A., McCann, J. 1980. In smith. I.C and Carson, B.L. (eds) Trace metals in the environment, Ann Arbor Science publishers /Butterworth. Ann. Arbor, Michigan 85-93.
Hodel, D.R., Chang A.C. 2004. Trace Elements and Urban Gardens University of California cooperative Extension UCCE Newsletter 3: 14-19
Hofstader, R. A., Milner. O.I., Runnels J.H. eds 1976. Analysis of petroleum for Trace Metals. Advances in Chemistry Series No 156 Amer Chem Soc.Washington D.C.
Jervis, R.E., Tiefenbach, B., Chattophay, A. 1974. Canad.J.Chem.52:3008-
Li, X., Shuman. L.M. 1996. Heavy metal movement in metal contaminated soil profiles. Soil Sci. 161 (10)656-666.
Loredo, J. Ordonez, S. Charlesworth., De-Miguel, K. 2003. Influence of industry on the geochemical urban environment of Mieres (Spain) and associated heath risk. Environmental geochemitry and health 25: 307-323.
Environment VCH. Vet-lag segsellschafl mbh. Wemheim New York 1035-1044.
Sezgin N. Ozean, H.K. Demir, G. Nemlioglu, S. Bayat, C. 2004. Determination of heavy metal concentrations in street dusts in Istanbul E-5 highway. Environ. Int. 29(7): 979-985.
Shakourn, A.A., El-Taleb, N.M 1995. Heavy metals in atmospherics particulate in the industrial area. North cairo, Egypt. Air pollution Department. National Research Centre. Dokki Cairo, Egypt
Stoeppler, M. 1991. Cadmium, In: Merian E. (ed) metals and then compounds in the environment VCH. Verlag segsellschaft mhh, Wcin licini New York 803-851.
Taylor, A., Hawkins, L. 1987. Effects of occupational exposure lo cobalt. Proceeding second Nordic symposium on trace elements. Odense WHO Copenhagen.
Thornton, I., Webb, J.S.1975. Trace substances in Environmental Health.Vol 9. (Hemphill.D ed) Columbia Univ. Missouri.p77
Tjell, J.C., Hovmand, M.F. 1978. Metal concentrations in Danish Arable soils.Acta Agric Scand.28:81-89.
Turer, D. Maynard, J.B., Sansalore, J.J. 2001. Heavy metal contamination in soils of urban highways: comparison between runoff and soil concentrations at Cincinnati, Ohio. Water, Air and soil Pollution 132:293-314.
Udo, R.K. 1970. Geographical regions of Nigeria, Heinemarni. lbadan 23-24.
Ure, A.M., Bacon, J.R. 1978. Comprehensive analysis of soils and rocks by spark-source mass spectrometry.Analyst.103:807-822.
Vinogradov, A.P. 1959. Geochemistry of Rare Elements in Soils. Chapman and Hall .London
Yeung, Z.L.L, Kwok, R.C.W Yu, K.N. 2003. Determination of multi element profiles of street dust using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRE). Applied Radiation and Isotopes 58:339-346
Ayodele, J.T., Gaya, U.M. 1998. Chromium Manganese and Zinc in Kano Municipality Street dust. .J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria. 23: 24-.31
Bello, A.L. 2000. Kaduna State In: Federal Ministry of Information (ed): Survey of states. Millennium edition. Gahumo publishing co. Ltd Calabar 249-264.
Birch, G.F., Scollen, A. 2003. Heavy metals in road dust. gully pots and parkland soils in a highly urbanized sub-catchments of port Jackson. Australia. Australian journal of soil research. 41 (7) 1329-1 342.
Chattopadhyay, A., Jervis, R. E. 1974. Multielement determination in market garden soils by instrumental photo activation analysis. Anal Chem.46:1630-1649
Coates, E.O., Watson, J.H.L. 1971. Heavy metals in street dusts Ann. Int. Med.75:709 –716
De-Migucl, E. Llamas, J. E. Chacon, E. ., Mazadiego, L.F. 1990. Sources and pathways of trace elements in urban environments a multi elemental qualitative approach. The Science of the Total Environment 235:355-357.
Dmuchowski, W., Bytnerowicz, A. 1994. Monitoring environmental pollution in Poland by chemical analysis of Scot pine (Pinus sylvestris L) needles. Environ.Pollut87:87-104.
Ewers U. and Schlipkőter, H.W. 199la. Chronic toxicity of metals and metal compounds In: Merian E. (ed) metals and their compounds in the environment VCH. Verlag segsellschaft mhH, Weinheim New York 591-603.
Ewers, U., Schlipkőter, H.W. 1991b. Lead In. Merian I (ed) metals and their compounds in me environment VCH. Verlag segsellschaft mhH, Weinheim New York 971-1014.
Fergusson, J.E. 1987. The significance of the variability in analytical results for Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in street dust. Canad.Journ. Chem.65:1002-1006
Herndon, B.L Jacon, R.A., McCann, J. 1980. In smith. I.C and Carson, B.L. (eds) Trace metals in the environment, Ann Arbor Science publishers /Butterworth. Ann. Arbor, Michigan 85-93.
Hodel, D.R., Chang A.C. 2004. Trace Elements and Urban Gardens University of California cooperative Extension UCCE Newsletter 3: 14-19
Hofstader, R. A., Milner. O.I., Runnels J.H. eds 1976. Analysis of petroleum for Trace Metals. Advances in Chemistry Series No 156 Amer Chem Soc.Washington D.C.
Jervis, R.E., Tiefenbach, B., Chattophay, A. 1974. Canad.J.Chem.52:3008-
Li, X., Shuman. L.M. 1996. Heavy metal movement in metal contaminated soil profiles. Soil Sci. 161 (10)656-666.
Loredo, J. Ordonez, S. Charlesworth., De-Miguel, K. 2003. Influence of industry on the geochemical urban environment of Mieres (Spain) and associated heath risk. Environmental geochemitry and health 25: 307-323.
Environment VCH. Vet-lag segsellschafl mbh. Wemheim New York 1035-1044.
Sezgin N. Ozean, H.K. Demir, G. Nemlioglu, S. Bayat, C. 2004. Determination of heavy metal concentrations in street dusts in Istanbul E-5 highway. Environ. Int. 29(7): 979-985.
Shakourn, A.A., El-Taleb, N.M 1995. Heavy metals in atmospherics particulate in the industrial area. North cairo, Egypt. Air pollution Department. National Research Centre. Dokki Cairo, Egypt
Stoeppler, M. 1991. Cadmium, In: Merian E. (ed) metals and then compounds in the environment VCH. Verlag segsellschaft mhh, Wcin licini New York 803-851.
Taylor, A., Hawkins, L. 1987. Effects of occupational exposure lo cobalt. Proceeding second Nordic symposium on trace elements. Odense WHO Copenhagen.
Thornton, I., Webb, J.S.1975. Trace substances in Environmental Health.Vol 9. (Hemphill.D ed) Columbia Univ. Missouri.p77
Tjell, J.C., Hovmand, M.F. 1978. Metal concentrations in Danish Arable soils.Acta Agric Scand.28:81-89.
Turer, D. Maynard, J.B., Sansalore, J.J. 2001. Heavy metal contamination in soils of urban highways: comparison between runoff and soil concentrations at Cincinnati, Ohio. Water, Air and soil Pollution 132:293-314.
Udo, R.K. 1970. Geographical regions of Nigeria, Heinemarni. lbadan 23-24.
Ure, A.M., Bacon, J.R. 1978. Comprehensive analysis of soils and rocks by spark-source mass spectrometry.Analyst.103:807-822.
Vinogradov, A.P. 1959. Geochemistry of Rare Elements in Soils. Chapman and Hall .London
Yeung, Z.L.L, Kwok, R.C.W Yu, K.N. 2003. Determination of multi element profiles of street dust using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRE). Applied Radiation and Isotopes 58:339-346
Issue
Section
Articles
